Saturday, August 31, 2019

Amoled Technology Essay

Since 2001, funded by national and european programs, the Institute is developing new research lines focused on molecular magnets, molecular opto-electronic devices, molecular machines and supraand supermolecular structures with long lived electron transfer processes. The IcMol has employed more than 100 scientific researchers and is based at the Valencia University Campus. The Institute presents the most advanced systems for the preparation and characterization of organic light emitting diodes, organic solar cells and other molecule based opto-electronic devices. Main tasks in the project are the following: †¢ Preparation of p and n type solution processable charge injection layers †¢ Wet processing of optically or electronically active small molecules †¢ Hybrid and standard device preparation and characterization www. uv. es – www. icmol. es Appendix 5:CombOLED Project, Partners Leti Leti is a CEA laboratory located in Grenoble which is one of the main European applied research centres in electronics. More than 85% of its activity is devoted to research that is conducted with outside partners. We are a partner to the industrial world, with 200 collaborators and 350 contracts a year. Leti has led to the creation of almost 30 start-ups in high-technology, including Soitec, the world leader in Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI). We files some 180 patents a year and manage a portfolio of 1,000 inventions protected by patents. Our main areas of activity are as follows: †¢Micro-and nano-technologies for microelectronics, †¢ Technologies, design and integration of microsystems, †¢ Imaging technologies, †¢ Micro- and nano-technologies for biology and health, †¢ Communication technologies and nomad objects. Leti is endowed with an annual budget of 174 Mâ‚ ¬ and employs 1,000 people with, in addition, more than 500 external collaborators (postgraduates, research partners and industrialists). We have 11,000m? of clean rooms, an equipment portfolio worth 200 Mâ‚ ¬ and we invest more than 40 Mâ‚ ¬ a year on new equipment. Leti is one of the main forces behind Minatec ®, Europe’s premier Centre of Excellence in Microand Nano-technologies. In the future Minatec ® is destined to bring together more than 4,000 researchers, industrialists and teaching staff in Grenoble. www-leti. cea. fr Appendix 5:CombOLED Project, Partners PPML PPML is one of the first European companies that are investing in OLED applications. PPML was born in 2005 with the aim to become the excellence in manufacturing OLED based solutions. Having collected a wide database of feasible applications, PPML is currently working in the deployment of some prototypes and general demonstrator in partnership with OSRAM-OS and with the aim to launch the first solutions in parallel with OLED introduction into the lighting market. PPML will contribute to CombOLED project leading the dissemination activities in order to accelerate OLED penetration to the final users. For this reason, PPML will lead a wide dissemination campaign through known channels like the organization of a specific Design Contest and special Workshops with the major European Design School. www. ppml. it Appendix 5:CombOLED Project, Partners Schreiner Group Innovation, Quality, Performance and Enthusiasm are the values of Schreiner Group based in Oberschleissheim near Munich. The family-owned business develops, designs and produces high-tech products. As certified system suppliers and development partners, seven specialized divisions offer a comprehensive range of innovative products and customized solutions. Schreiner ProTech delivers individual solutions for self-adhesive markings and functional components for engineering industries. Schreiner MediPharm focuses on self-adhesive products for medical technology and pharmaceuticals. Schreiner ProSecure offers a wide range of counterfeit-proof solutions for authenticity and value protection. Schreiner LogiData specializes in data carriers, transponders and complete systems based on RFID technology. Schreiner VarioLight develops and produces printed electronics, in particular high-grade electroluminescent lamps with electronic power supply and control components. Schreiner Systems offers complete solutions from consulting support and development of specifications, to delivery and installation of hard- and software, all the way to after-sales service. Schreiner Labels designs and produces labels for product marking and advertising. Schreiner Group’s experience in printing electronic devices stems from various products including antennas, capacitive sensors and electroluminescent lamps.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Goldsmith, Mckinnon and Shaw

The spearheading commitments of Goldsmith (1969), Mckinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) in regards to the connection between budgetary improvement and monetary development has remained a vital issue of level headed discussion in creating economies. The hypothetical contention for connecting money related advancement to development is that an all around created money related framework plays out a few basic capacities to upgrade the effectiveness of intermediation by diminishing data, exchange, and observing costs. An advanced money related framework advances speculation by recognizing and financing great business openings, activates reserve funds, screens the execution of administrators, empowers the exchanging, supporting, and expansion of hazard, and encourages the trade of merchandise and ventures. These capacities result in a more effective distribution of assets, in a more fast collection of physical and human capital, and in quicker mechanical advance, which thus bolster financial development [Creane, et al. (2004)]. The vast majority of the writing has fundamentally centered around the part of macroeconomic steadiness, disparity, pay and riches, institutional advancement, ethnic and religious decent variety and money related market imperfections.1 Among these components the part of budgetary markets in the development procedure has gotten significant consideration. In this system, money related advancement is considered by numerous financial analysts to be of central significance for yield development. Especially, government confinements on the saving money framework, for example, loan fee roof, high hold necessities and coordinated credit programs block money related improvement and diminish yield development [Mckinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973)]. The early commitments because of Mckinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) hypothesize that the administration mediation in the valuing and distribution of loanable assets obstructs budgetary restraint chiefly discouraging genuine financing costs. Governments are looked with just restricted alternatives, for example, inflationary financing, in this manner much further crumbling the genuine financing cost. Mckinnon underlines that the request what's more, fitting sequencing of budgetary changes in the money related area would be much more compelling once value adjustment has occurred. Truth be told, budgetary improvement is not desolate a component of changing money related instruments but rather â€Å"predictable macroeconomic strategy bundle involving a scope of strategies, including brief money related market supervision keeping in mind the end goal to screen credit value of borrowers and to maintain a strategic distance from bends, for example, moral perils and unfavorable selection†. The endogenous development writing stresses the impact of budgetary markets on financial growth. Benhabib and Spiegel (2000) contend that a positive relationship is normal between monetary advancement and aggregate factor efficiency development and speculation. In any case, their outcomes are exceptionally touchy to display particular. Moreover, Beck, et al. (2000) locate that money related advancement has a huge and positive effect on add up to factor profitability, which bolsters through to in general Gross domestic product development [Neusser and Kugler (1998)]. Various scholars have underscored the part of budgetary improvement in better distinguishing venture openings, lessening interest in fluid however inefficient resources, activating investment funds, boosting mechanical advancement, and enhancing hazard taking. The issue with the past investigations is that a positive connection between budgetary advancement and yield development can exist for various reasons. As yield builds the interest for money related administrations increments as well, this thusly has a beneficial outcome on money related advancement. Robinson (1952) contends that â€Å"all things considered, it is by all accounts the case that where undertaking drives back streams†. Kuznets (1955) states that monetaryadvertise starts to develop as the economy approaches the middle phase of the development process and grow once the economy ends up develop. Lucas (1988) states that â€Å"the significance of budgetary issues is severely overemphasized† while Chandavarkar (1992) noticed that â€Å"none of the pioneers of improvement financial aspects†¦ Even rundown fund as a factor of advancement† [Luintel and Khan (1999)]. Consequently the interest for the specific kinds of monetary administrations produced by monetary development.Many observational examinations have researched the connection between budgetary profundity, characterized as proportion of aggregate bank store liabilities to ostensible GDP and monetary development. In any case, the outcomes are equivocal. The examinations in view of the cross segment and board information discover beneficial outcomes of money related advancement on yield development a great many representing different determinants of development and in addition for potential inclinations initiated by synchronization, overlooked factors and imperceptibly nation particular impact on the back development nexus.5 On the other hand, the investigations in view of the time arrangement information give opposing outcomes. Demetriades and Hussein (1996) discover the confirmation that back is a main factor during the time spent monetary development. They additionally found that for most of the nations, causality is bi-directional, while at times money related improvement takes after monetary development. Luintel and Khan (1999) utilized a test of ten less created nations and inferred that the causality between money related improvement and yield development is bi-directional for all nations. At long last, contemplates, which take a gander at the structure and wellsprings of organization back, likewise finish up that the advancement of the money related area encourages the development of corporate division [Rajan and Zingalas (1996)]. Every one of these outcomes demonstrate that an agreement on the part ofbudgetary improvement during the time spent financial development does not exist up until this point. The part of money related factor in financial improvement of Pakistan isn't well inquired about. This investigation is an endeavor to fill this hole. The target of the present contemplate is to look at the connection between budgetary advancement and monetary development in Pakistan for the period 1971-2004. We additionally look at the auxiliary solidness of the back development relationship within the sight of monetary segment reforms?which were indispensable piece of the advancement procedure of the economy started in mid 1990. The significant segments of the money related part changes identified with the deregulation of the business bank's loaning rates, bringing down of their save prerequisites and the presentation of prudential controls and gauges extensively alongside the lines suggested by the Basle Committee on Banking Supervisions. Whatever is left of the paper is sorted out as takes after. Segment II outline the monetary part changes in Pakistan. Demonstrate determination and information issues are exhibited in Segment III. Econometric strategy and observational discoveries are given in Section IV, while some closing comments are given in the last segment. Pakistan has endeavored a striking endeavors in the course of the last one and half decades to change its monetary framework. Considered as an indispensable piece of macroeconomic approach, the budgetary changes are relied upon to achieve critical financial advantages, especially through a more powerful assembly of residential investment funds and a more proficient designation of resources.Following freedom in 1947 up to the finish of 1980s, the legislature of Pakistan was chiefly worried about setting up the important framework to help its distinctive macroeconomic approaches. The budgetary area in Pakistan remained vigorouslycontrolled. Loan fees were set officially and were generally negative in genuine terms (see Figure 1). Financial approach was led principally through the immediate distribution of credit. The currency advertise was immature, and security and value markets were for all intents and purposes nonexistent. Business banks regularly needed to loan need parts with nearly nothing worry for the obtaining association's gainfulness. In spite of the opening of non-bank monetary part for private interest in mid-1980s, open segment budgetary foundations held the greater part of advantages, stores, advances and speculations of the whole money related segment toward the end of 1980s.The wasteful aspects and contortions of this monetary framework were exacerbated by the development of serious macroeconomic troubles in Pakistan in the late 1970s and 1980s. With a specific end goal to conquer the budgetary issues and goad monetary development, the administration of Pakistan left on an extensive variety of adjustment and auxiliary change program. Monetary changes were an imperative segment of this expansive program. The goals of these changes were to make level playing field for budgetary organizations and markets for ingraining rivalry, reinforcing their administration and supervision, and receiving a market-based roundabout arrangement of money related, trade and credit administration for better portion of monetary assets. Changes secured seven territories: monetary advancement, institutional fortifying, household obligation, and fiscal administration, saving money law, remote trade and capital market. To accomplish the twin goals of lessening government cost of getting on household obligation and empowering private area credit extension, SBP has been seeking after a generally simple money related arrangement. The loan costs on NSS were diminished from 16 percent to 11 percent amid 1999-2001. The weighted normal loaning ratedescended from 14.6 percent in mid-1996 to 13.7 percent in February 2001. Amid a similar period, the weighted normal store rate declined from 8.0 percent to 6.4 percent. The decrease in loaning rate shows a little change in the productivity of the banks. Be that as it may, the normal loan fee spread (normal loaning rate less normal store rate) stayed exceptionally high?nearing 7.3 percent in February 2001, as against 6.6 percent in June 1999. In addition, a diminishment in store rate was relied upon to diminish the sparing rate considerably encourage [Khan (2003)]. Because of high expansion rate, the genuine rate of profit for stores is regularly negative. The high loaning rate increment the cost of getting and consequently debilitate venture, while low store rates demoralize both utilization and sparing, bringing about high obligation/GDP proportion and lower monetary development. Figure 1 demonstrate that over the period 1998-2002 the genuine financing cost ended up positive and shifted in the vicinity of 2 and 5 percent in the wake of having been negative over the period 1989-1997.7 To elevate intermediation and to draw in stores held abroad by Pakistani nationals, the inhabitant Pakistanis were permitted to open remote cash accounts (FCAs) with banks in Pakistan, which were openly transferable abroad. These accounts were exempted from salary and riches charge, and no inquiry was to be gotten some information about the wellspring of remote trade. People holding FCAs could likewise acquire rupee advances against such records. One of the key goals of these changes was to encourage the stream of adequate here and now liquidity at variable rate to address current issues for liquidity. For this, it was important to extend the currency showcase potential by making it open to new administrators, especially to the individuals who were encountering an overabundance of liquidity, for example, insurance agencies, microfinance organizations, SME bank and in additionventure banks. This augmenting of the scope of administrators on the currency advertise was taken after by the formation of new money related items, for example, store endorsements, treasury bills and bonds, which are normally debatable. Keeping in mind the end goal to energize outside direct speculation, confinements on capital inflows also, surges were bit by bit lifted. Speculators were likewise permitted to buy up to 100 percent of the value in mechanical organizations on repatriable premise with no earlier endorsement. Moreover, venture shares issued to non-occupants could be traded and settlement of profit and disinvestments continues was allowable with no earlier consent of SBP. In 1994, limitations on some capital exchanges were halfway casual, and remote getting and certain outward speculations were permitted to some degree. Full convertibility of the Pak-rupee was set up on current worldwide exchanges. The foundation of a between bank outside trade advertise additionally denoted an imperative advance towards decentralizing the administration of outside trade and permitting market powers to assume a more prominent part in conversion scale determination. It ought to be noticed that an expansive proportion speaks to a more created and proficient monetary part. In 1990 the normal money related resources were around 39.20 percent of GDP, while it was come to 49.2 percent of the GDP in 2004. This proportion has recorded a steady development, demonstrating a change in the money related part. An elective measure of money related profundity, which is much of the time utilized, is the proportion of bank store liabilities to Gross domestic product. This proportion evaluates the level of monetisation in the economy. An unfaltering development in this proportion over the time of concentrate additionally show a change in the money related sector.The proportion of private part credit to GDP demonstrates a proficient portion ofsupports by the managing an account part. Despite the fact that this proportion has been expanding bit by bit throughout the years, there is abundant space for promote development given the current privatization of the vast open segment business ventures. Alternate apparatuses of monetary improvement incorporate money to M2 proportion and cash to GDP proportion mirroring the increment in all out stores in respect to money available for use and level of monetisation in the economy which was at its most abnormal amount in 2004. This paper has analyzed the experimental connection between money related improvement and financial development in Pakistan over the period 1971– 2004, utilizing Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach. The outcomes demonstrate that, in the long run money related profundity and genuine premium applied positive effect on financial development. While the offer of speculation is albeit decidedly corresponded to genuine salary, however stayed inconsequential. Besides, in the short run monetary development is emphatically what's more, essentially influenced by changes in the offer of venture. In addition, changes in genuine financing cost applied positive (negative)13 affect on development. Be that as it may, the reaction of genuine loan fee is little in the short run. The criticism coefficient is negative and noteworthy, proposing around 0.06 percent disequilibrium in the past period is amended in the present year. We locate a stable long run connection between monetary development and budgetary profundity, as demonstrated by the CUSUM and CUSUMSQ security tests. Not at all like Ireland (1994) and Demetriades and Hussein (1996), our discoveries are steady with the view that financial development is anresult of the money related advancement. In view of the above discoveries we can infer some essential strategy suggestion.If arrangement producers need to advance development, at that point consideration ought to be engaged on long run strategies, for instance, the formation of current money related establishments, in the managing an account part and the securities exchanges.The budgetary markets influence the cost of outer fund to the firm and, in this manner, their belongings ought to be appear through encouraging the speculation process.Unless conditions for minimal effort venture are made, long run development is unthinkable.

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Have neoliberal policies benefitted people in the developing world Essay

Have neoliberal policies benefitted people in the developing world since 1980 - Essay Example If more foreign products came in, the home producers would be forced to improve their production quality and quantity, to survive in the market. Second, reformers believed that it was the key to higher investment in technology from abroad to boost their production. For a developing country to compete in the same field with the industrialized nations and survive, it had to offer the best products and services in the market. This was a strategy for most marginalized corporations to allow them access to foreign technology in the wake of trade liberalization. However, the outcome had variations between nations. Despite trade liberalization in different parts of the developing world, the trend in the 1990s indicates that â€Å"the results of trade reform have varied and sometimes fallen short of expectations† (Worldbank, n.d., p. 133). Considering the crisis in the Korean economy in 1980, the government had to effectively seek a solution to it, before things got out of hand. There was a lot of pressure for the industries, especially the heavy and chemical industries (HCI), which had no option but rationalize or merge to survive. The Korean government implemented import liberalization in two faces, which were centred on reduction of tariff rates. The mid 1990s had seen imports in Korea rise by approximately 18 per cent, compared to the tariff rates for the manufactures that declined by almost 6 per cent (Yang, 1999). The Korean move to imports liberalization, which was an existing trend among developing nations was the trigger for the pressure in the domestic markets, especially in the manufacturing sector. As the import restrictions reduced, more imports as compared to exports weakened the economy. The domestic prices reduced, which resulted to reduced profit margins not only for the economy as a whole, but includ ing business people. Trade liberalization led to one problem after the other,

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

BHE 314 Mod 5 SLP Environmental Health and Safety Essay

BHE 314 Mod 5 SLP Environmental Health and Safety - Essay Example In this regard, this paper will describe and discuss some of the health effects associated with exposure of ultraviolet radiation. It is indicated by physicians that humans can have beneficial effects from small amounts of ultraviolet radiation, such as production of vitamin D in skin pores. However, frequent and serious short-term, as well as, long term effects are caused by overexposure to such ultraviolet radiation. In severe cases, individuals confront skin peeling and swelling after reddening of skin that occurs after the sunburn caused by ultraviolet radiation. (Hanslmeier, 2006) Physicians have indicated that UV-B is one of the most destructive ultraviolet bands that cause the abovementioned sunburn in humans. Moreover, they have indicated that more sensitivity is expressed by people that have skin of lighter tone, and thus, they confront more health issues. Some of the health related organizations have specified that cornea and conjunctiva confront aching irritation due to UV radiation, which is referred as Welders’ flash. (Hessen, 2002) In Welders’ flash, eye does not confront any permanent damages; however, protective pigment and outer layer of human eye is adversely affected on temporary basis. Some other researches have noted that people gone through any eye related operations are found to be more sensitive with ultraviolet radiation, and thus, confront greater risks of having a retinal injury. In this regard, a number of companies offer eyeglasses and lens implants that can absorb ultraviolet rays. On the other hand, crystalline in normal eye plays the role of filtering ultraviolet radiation; however, prolong radiation may result in adverse effect on normal eye as well. A number of clinical studies have associated risks of skin cancer with overexposure of ultraviolet radiation for a prolonged period. Some of the

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Should smok ban in campus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should smok ban in campus - Essay Example On the other hand opponents argue that smoking is bad not only for the individual himself but can harm the whole society. It is for this very reason that a smoking ban in campus has been implemented in many colleges and states. This essay would further revolve around the ban of smoking in campus and would provide my personal opinion regarding it. It is seen that the colleges which are implementing the ban advocate it because of its influence on the healthy environment in the campus. The authorities put forward that smoking creates an unhealthy environment which can affect individuals in a bad way and hence the bans are implemented to promote an environment in which people do not undergo suffocation. Smoking is an act which poses severe health consequences to the human being. One of five deaths in the United States are considered to be because of smoking (American Cancer Society 2004). The health authorities believe that smoking is causing addiction all over the world and it should be stopped somehow. Campus ban is supported by individuals who believe that smoking in a public place can have a bad influence on the overall environment. Research has been carried out to find out the effect of smoking on the health of individuals who do not smoke. Proponents of the ban put forward that smoking in campus can pose the risk of passive smoking to others and in many cases this has also lead to asthmatic attacks (National Health Survey 1994). They bring forward laws which provide every human life in this world with the right that they should not be exposed to carcinogens which would affect their health and if this ban on smoking does not take place then these individuals would be exposed to the carcinogens of cigarette (U.S Department of Health and Human Services). They also bring forward other harms which may be caused by cigarette smoke to the society. The cigarette butts that are left behind by the smoker can be a cause of fire at many places and by imposing ban on smok ing the government can ensure that these incidents are avoided (Daily Courier 2004). On the other hand the opponents of a ban on smoking in the campus have other views regarding smoking. In 2009 students of the University of Kentucky launched a campaign against the ban of smoking in the campus by smoking cigarettes openly. The ban has been met with great resistance by the students as they believe that they have a right to smoke if they wish to do that (Cruz 2009). The students believe that by banning smoking in the campus the authorities are intervening in the personal life of the students. According to them measures to curb smoking in the campus is just costing money and this money can be used elsewhere for a better purpose. These students believe that other important aspects of the university should be rather maintained instead of wasting the money on a smoking ban. One of the smokers Janelle Johnson from Sioux Falls was stated as saying "You could do so much more with that money. Like pave the parking lots because the parking lots suck" (Murray 2005). The students believe that they are not posing any threat to anyone when smoking in the campus as the campus does not have children which may be found in outdoor places such as restaurants. At one instance it is also found that the non smokers do not support a complete ban on the in campus smoking. One of the non smokers from St Paul was stated as say

Monday, August 26, 2019

Comparative and Contrast Essay Christianity and Islam

Comparative and Contrast Christianity and Islam - Essay Example   Jesus is the â€Å"Christ† which means the â€Å"anointed one†.   Jesus is the anointed one from God the Father who came to this world, fulfilled the Old Testament laws and prophecies, died on the cross, and rose from the dead physically (Slick, n.d.). The religion teaches that there is an existence of only one God. According to Christianity, God made the universe, the Earth and created Adam and Eve. Therefore, the best way to answer what Christianity is about is to say that it is a relationship with the true and living God through the person of Jesus Christ by whom we are forgiven of our sins and escape the righteous judgment of God (Slick, n.d.). Islam is regarded as one of the three central Abrahamic faiths along with Judaism and Christianity (Duncan, n.d.). Islam is derived from the word salaam which means â€Å"peace†, â€Å"submission to God†, and â€Å"way to peace†. The followers of Islam are the â€Å"Muslims† or those who â₠¬Å"submit† to God’s will. Duncan (n.d.) described Islam as a universal religion that teaches that God is merciful and compassionate, and that promises the faithful worldly peace and equality and entrance to a sublime eternity. It is a monotheistic religion which believes only in the existence of one God. Comparing and Contrasting Islam and Christianity These are some of the main similarities between Christianity and Islam. Peter Jackson (n.d.) stated that both religions say that there is only One God. This God is the most sovereign and he rules the history. The two religions also believe in Jesus. However, there are quite differences in how they believe him. Another similarity is the existence of Angels. Both religions believe in the existence of angels which are the referred to as the messengers of God. Both religions have Prophets and prophecy which includes many of the same characters such as Abraham, David, Noah and the like (Jackson, n.d.). The two religions also b elieve the concept of Heaven and Hell and God’s future judgment (Jackson, n.d.). Heaven is often portrayed as the holiest place in which people who have died continue to exist in an afterlife. Hell, on the other hand, is a place of suffering and punishment afterlife. God’s judgment will determine whether a person will be sent to heaven or hell after death. Although these two religions are similar in many ways, we can’t deny that they differ in a lot of ideologies and theologies. In both religions God is the creator of everything and he is loving and forgiving (McLean, 2007). One major difference between the beliefs of Christians and Muslims regarding God is that while Christians believe in the Holy Trinity, or three persons in one divine nature, Muslims believe that God is only one person and that the Trinity is the belief in three Gods (McLean, 2007). The two religions differ in their founder. Muhammad is the founder of Islam and believed by Muslims to be perfe ct and sinless. In Christianity, the founder is Jesus. For Muslims, Muhammad was not only a religious leader, but also a political leader, which explains the common practice of integrated church and state in many Muslim countries (McLean, 2007). Both religions recognize Jesus but their beliefs about him vary. Islam and Christianity believe that Jesus was sinless, perfect and born of the Virgin Mary (McLean, 2007). The two religions accept that Jesus performed miracles and was ascended, or raised up, to God. McLean (2007) stated that Muslims see Jesus as a highly regarded prophet, while Christians see Him as God himself.

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Risk Management table Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Risk Management table - Essay Example This is due to the fact that, probability mainly defined the expected number of times that a particular impact can happen. Therefore, if the impact is high and the probability is also high, then the team ranked this as a top threat. Contrastingly, if both are low then that particular threat was ranked at the lowest level (Wheeler, 2011). The reasoning behind the mitigation steps for different types of threats is as stipulated below. If a threat affects the operations of a network device, then the mitigation steps shed light on protecting its data storage locations along with its network access layer. Secondly, if the threat is due to poor user practices, the mitigation steps focused on coming up with the proper policies on the use of organization resources. Lastly but certainly not the least, if a particular threat affected a whole system, then focus was laid on configuring the interconnection devices such as routers and switches (Wheeler,

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Israel and The Middle East Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Israel and The Middle East - Research Paper Example There are traces that have been found for the beginning of the conflict and it was the large-scale immigration of Jewish to Palestine especially after the Zionist movement was established as one of the main reason behind the conflict (Pressman, â€Å"A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict†). There is evidence of too much violence in recent times between Israelis and Palestinians. The vital point is that Israel has been confined to illegal military activity since 1967, in the vicinity of Gaza Strip and the West Bank. This is a continuing and original violence against which all Palestinian acts of violence have been directed (Pressman, â€Å"A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict†). In the year 1947, British Government asked the United Nations to deal with the question of Palestine. As per 1937 Peel Plan the majority of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) gave privilege to the partition of Palestine into two states comprising of Arab and Jewish one. According to the UNSCOP, the Jewish state would be about 55% and the Arab state would be about 42% of Palestine and the remaining territory, including Jerusalem would be termed as an international zone (Pressman, â€Å"A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict†). The Arab state would have about 400000 Arabs and the Jewish state would have 500000 Jews. In the year 1947, on 29th November, UNSCOP’s majority reports were accepted by the United Nations General Assembly as resolution 181. The Jewish people had accepted the partition but the Arab people had rejected it. Approximately right away, warfare started in Palestine between Jewish and Arab forces (Pressman, â€Å"A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict†). The conflict had existed for a long time and still it is found to be present in Palestine between the Arabs and the Jews. The main objective of the study is to find out the relationship between the Israelis and

Friday, August 23, 2019

The Morrison Company , Wheelwright , S.C and Myers, P. ( 2011), Assignment

The Morrison Company , Wheelwright , S.C and Myers, P. ( 2011), Harvard Business School - Assignment Example Breen can adopt the following strategies for bringing in the organizational change required to improve the performance. 1. It was found that personalization or customization of the smart labels is creating problems as Morrison was facing bottlenecks due to personalization delaying the packaging operation, moreover pharmaceutical companies required less customization as only 15% of orders were customized and its average price is $0.22 and represented two-thirds of Morrison revenue however 85% of retail orders were personalized with average price being only $.11. So it is recommended that personalization should be done only for large orders and not small orders and interchangeability manufacturing system should be introduced (Patil 2008). 2. Optimal Inventory Policy to be adopted: It was found that the current inventory policy of Morrison is inefficient as it is contributing towards significant lead time and suppliers are not able to supply 100 percent of the orders on time due to whic h Morrison is delivering orders 10 weeks later than the originally scheduled date. Therefore the inventory policy for materials has to change and optimum inventory policy should be adopted. Optimum inventory policy calls for two models, first through developing a simple model in which the relevant quantities and constant future demand flow are estimated in advance and second by developing an uncertainty model in which the random variable is demand flow is studied with probability distribution. Using two models, â€Å"the best maximum stock and the best reordering point are determined as functions of the demand distribution, the cost of making an order and the penalty of stock depletion† (Arrow et al 1950, p.1; Tempelmeier 2012). The optimum safety stock acts as a buffer production plan that takes into account the random uncertain events such as breakdowns of machines, random demands and late deliveries (Tempelmeier 2012). 3. ERP system to be launched: ERP system is used exten sively by both large and small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Breen should convince her CEO that ERP system provides both tangible and intangible benefits to the organization and its benefits are much more than its cost not vice versa. Tangible benefits realized from launching ERP system are reduction of inventory, personnel, financial close cycle, cost of IT, cost of procurement, and maintenance; improvements in productivity, order management, cash management, increase in profit and revenue and ensures on time delivery. Intangible benefits derived are increased visibility, improved processes, reduction in overall costs, customer responsiveness, more integration, flexibility, increase in performance of business and improved demand/supply chain (O’Leary 2004). It has become a must for integrating various business functions and for gaining competitive advantage however it must be customized, have support of top management (Fosser 2008). It can use materials requirement re source planning and manufacturing resource planning (Patil 2008). 4. Materials supplier sources should be increased: As it was found that

Civil rights and hospitality business Research Paper

Civil rights and hospitality business - Research Paper Example A failure to oversee that everyone’s civil rights are respected may lead to costly and time consuming law suits against the business (39). The civil rights law is embedded in the country’s regulations under the Civil Rights Act 1964. There are many states that have more inclusive rights in their laws than the Civil Rights Act. The main issue that these law addresses is discrimination and the equal treatment of all. In the hospitality industry, discrimination depending on race, gender, color, nationality, religious affiliation and social class is not allowed (Goodwin and Gaston 15). Any form of differential treatment for any employee or customer may lead to a court case and possibly, serious repercussions for the business. Employment in the hospitality business is one of those areas that are likely to present a problem regarding civil rights (Chon and Maier 30). The employers or persons involved in the employment process should ensure that the whole process is conducted in a manner that does not violate other people’s civil rights. Everyone should be afforded equal treatment in the employment process as th e law requires. Race discrimination is the most common form of discrimination in the hospitality industry. In 2006, Cracker Barrel agreed to pay some $2 million to its African American employees who had sued the company for being racially discriminated against. The employees claimed that they were subjected to language that they said was racially derogatory. They also said that the restaurant required them to serve customers that the white employees refused to serve for one reason or another. Another of their complaints was that they were forced to work in smoking zones and their white counterparts had the freedom to refuse to do so. The last of their complaint was a direct violation to their personal civil rights which could have even affected their

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Civil Engineering Essay Example for Free

Civil Engineering Essay Introduction This research aims to identify and highlight the career opportunities awaiting fresh graduates of civil engineering. This research further aims to look at the specific jobs that are available for them, amount of work load, basic salaries and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of particular choice of specialized civil engineering practice such as structural, water resources, environmental, construction, transportation and geo-technical engineering, among others. Statement of the Problem With the wide variety of specialized practice of civil engineering, newly graduated civil engineers need to be aware of the requirements of each specialization and fully understand the other details of the job. Being fresh from the realms of the academe, these fresh civil engineering graduates need to be guided accordingly as they ready to join the civil engineering workforce. Presenting the result of this study will help them evaluate their specific areas of interest within the bounds of the civil engineering career and will enable them to make an intelligent choice as to what career they really want to pursue. Proposed Solution This study will employ in-depth analysis of the career opportunities and choices available for civil engineering graduates. As such, specialized civil engineering fields will be identified and explained, the likeability that a new graduate will pursue a specific field will be determined and the factors that should be considered in choosing a specific career path. Methods In order to address the research problem, the researcher will employ quantitative and qualitative research method which is designed to complement each other’s findings. Respondents of the research will be practicing civil engineers. Using the qualitative research design, the researcher will conduct a survey to compare factors such as the specialized field where civil engineers usually get for their first job and the basic salary offer for an entry level position. The qualitative research design will include in-depth interviews of practitioners on the specifics of their jobs, the factors that should be considered in choosing a line of practice and other pertinent information about the field based on their experience. Conclusion This research aims to help fresh civil engineering graduates in making a decision of which career path to pursue after college by presenting the choices available for them along with the considerations and factors that might affect their decision. First hand data will be gathered through survey and interview of practicing civil engineers specialized in different fields to get information based on their experience.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Consumer Learning and Attitude Formation

Consumer Learning and Attitude Formation Emily Keegan Because not all learning theorists agree on how learning takes place, it is difficult to come up with a generally accepted definition of learning (†¦) first, consumer learning is a process; that is, it continually evolves and changes as a result of newly-acquired knowledge (†¦) both newly-acquired knowledge and personal experience serve as feedback to the individual and provide the basis for future behaviour in similar situations (Schiffman, Kanuck and Hansen 2008). In relation to the above quote, it is imperative to first understand that there are many different theories regarding how consumers learn. However this essay intends to discuss and analyse the topic of how consumers learn and formulate their attitudes, by researching two different theories, which is learning by behaviour and learning by knowledge. Through these two different schools of thought we shall be discussing the study of ‘conditioning’, both classical and operant. This will be done by discussing the works of famous learning theorists, such as Ivan Pavlov, and BF Skinner. In terms of attitude formation, it is of course closely linked to our learning, as our attitudes are linked and are informed by our knowledge and feelings towards certain things, for example such as brand names. We shall then be applying this knowledge and these theories to relevant media examples, such as advertising, celebrities and media debates. It has long been a question in the study of consumer behaviour, are the behaviours and attitudes we possess, something we learn or something that we just inherently have. Theorists who agree with the notion of behavioural learning theories believe that: People’s experiences are shaped by the feedback they receive as they go through life. Similarly, consumers respond to brand names, scents, jingles and other marketing stimuli based on the learned connections they have formed over time (Solomon et al. 2010). Effectively meaning that any behaviours learned are a result of external occurrences in your life. This belief led to two of the most influential approaches to learning, the first of which was classical conditioning. Antonides and Raaij (1999, p.221) define classic conditioning as ‘a process in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response by repeated association with a stimulus that naturally produces a similar response’ (Antonides and Raaij 1999). The most famous example of classic conditioning would of course be Ivan Pavlov and the salivating dogs experiment. In short Pavlov presented a dog with an unconditioned stimulus (which was food) and the dog’s unconditioned response was to salivate. He then introduced a neutral stimulus (which was a bell), when the bell was rung, there was no conditioned response from the dog as he did not salivate. However during the conditioning process anytime Pavlov produced food to the dog he also rang the bell. During this process the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with food and after conditioning, when Pavlov simply rang the bell (the conditioned stimulus) without producing any food the dog would salivate, this became known as a conditioned response. Psychologist B.F. Skinner is probably best known for his role in demonstrating the effects of operant conditioning. Bernstein (2010, p.181) defines operant conditioning as ‘a process in which responses are learned on the basis of their rewarding or punishing consequences’ (Bernstein 2010). Skinner created what is now commonly known as the ‘Skinner Box’ to study the learning patterns of animals. The skinner box is a cage that contains a food-release mechanism the animal activates when it responds in a certain way – for example, by pressing a lever or pushing a button. Through operant conditioning, organisms learn responses, such as pressing a bar that produces changes in the environment (release of food). In this form of learning the consequences of a response determine the likelihood that the response will occur again. In this form of learning, the consequences of a response determine the likelihood that the response will occur again (Nevid 2011). A typical example of operational learning and conditioning in relation to the media, is advertisements. In our everyday life the media surrounds or more specifically bombards us with adverts. Solomon et al (2010, p. 253) proposes that ‘advertisements often pair a product with a positive stimulus to create a desirable association’. In fact, most advertisements are so well conducted semiotically, with the intention that they remain in your memory and consciousness. One such commercial that stuck in my mind was conducted by Lancome cosmetics. For their newest perfume ‘Tresor Midnight Rose’. For the advertisement Lancome hired famous young actress Emma Watson to be the star or the face of its advert. As Egan (2007) explains, Advertisers are willing to pay large sums of money for celebrities who would hold the greatest influence on the target audiences and who will, hopefully, influence the consumer’s attitudes and behaviours in a positive way towards the said brand. Lancome describes the perfume itself as ‘sexy, sweet and playful’ and clearly felt that by using Emma Watson they were representing the perfume by using an actress who they felt embodied all those elements. So this would be a symbolic code employed within the advertisement itself. As codes are used in media texts to make them coherent and meaningful. In the commercial (AutoCurate 2011) Emma is portrayed as an independent, beautiful young women living in Paris. Who one day visits a book shop and by chance meets the handsome young man who works there. However she leaves behind her hat, which the young man clings on to in case he sees her again. One night sitting outside a cafà © he notices her walking down the street and runs after her. His chase leads him to a boat which is just pulling away, so he thinks he has missed her. Then he turns around and there she is standing behind him, its faith. It’s meant to be. In reference to positive stimuli, we can look at the name of the fragrance. Midnight could connote magic and enchantment, as some people know midnight as the ‘Witching hour’. Or the word rose, as a rose is one of the most romantic flowers particularly associated with Valentine’s Day and love. The concept of a midnight rose is also significant as the rose is a flower which is supposed to bloom at this time. Which could stimulate a response that the woman who wears this perfume comes alive at night and blossoms. That by wearing this fragrance you will become this enchanting, magical, mysterious women. Thus creating in the mind of the consumer a desirable association with the brand. Perfume is a particularly relevant example of operant conditioning. For example if a woman purchased ‘Tresor Midnight Rose’ and received compliments on her scent (a reward) then she is a lot more likely to continue to purchase the perfume. However if she received negative comments on her perfume (punishment), she is a lot less likely to wear it again. Now in terms of attitude formation: Attitudes can be based on cognitive, affective, and behavioural information (†¦) knowledge about an object can come either from direct experience with the object or from indirect sources such as parents, peers, and the media (Millon and Lerner 2003). One of the most popular models used to describe how an attitude is formulated is the ABC Model. As explained by Augoustinos, Walker and Donaghue (2006) The ABC model takes three elements into account, Affect, Behaviour and Cognition. Affect meaning, how the consumer feels about a certain object or product. Behaviour, essentially meaning an overt behaviour or intention towards an object. Finally by cognition, it is the cognitive response, meaning the convictions and beliefs a consumer has towards a product, brand, person etc. An example that springs to mind, of the power that the media has in changing and shaping people’s attitudes is the Angelina Jolie case. As noted by biographer Kathleen Tracy (2008), Jolie first began to be properly noticed in the late nineties with some very daring and interesting film choices, such as ‘Gia’ and ‘Girl, Interrupted’. However it wasn’t until her breakthrough role as popular video game heroine Lara Croft in Tomb raider that she really came into prominence. Besides her daring film role choices Jolie was known as a bit of a wild child, due to her estranged relationship with her father (acting legend Jon Voight) and her controversial marriages to both actors Johnny Lee Miller and Billy Bob Thornton. Then of course there was her involvement in the divorce of Americas ‘it’ couple Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston. While Jolie was once before seen as a rebellious and provocative young woman, she is now seen by many as a loving mother to six children and as an ambassador for some of the most global and world renowned organisations, such as UNICEF. So the questions begs to be asked, how can strong opinions and attitudes towards someone or something change so drastically? Well what is an attitude? An attitude is the individual predisposition to evaluate an object or an aspect of the world in a favourable or unfavourable manner (Antonides and Raaij 1999). These attitudes of course can be changed. This is due to a number of reasons, for example the ‘knowledge function’. Meaning that our knowledge of a topic or a product can change how we feel about them. Like in the Angelina Jolie example, if your only knowledge of her, was her role in the Pitt and Aniston divorce, you may be inclined to have a negative attitude towards her. However after learning about all her humanitarian work and loving relationship between herself and her six children (that she has gone on to have with Brad Pitt), your attitude towards her is likely to change in a positive way. Another example of attitude formation, could be the recent debate on homophobia in the Irish Media. This debate sprung to the forefront after last weeks ‘The Saturday Night Show’ on RTE. During the show, presenter Brendan O’Connor was interviewing gay rights activist Rory O’Neill (also known by his drag name Miss Panti Bliss). During this interview Mr O’Neil made a number of comments about writers John Waters, Breda O’Brien and the Iona Institute (a Catholic organisation, which promotes marriage and religious values), claiming that these people/organisation were homophobic. Since the show was aired, Brendan O’Connor publically apologised on his Twitter for any offense that may have been caused and RTE paid the Iona institute compensation. This has caused outrage among many different groups in society and in a follow up; A statement from RTE confirmed: The Saturday Night Show will host a debate on homophobia; what constitutes homophobia and who gets to define the word? (Irish Independent 2014). Theory of reasoned action – social pressure! P291. Self-perception theory and social judgement theory! P285. Conclude!!! Bibliography Antonides, G. Raaij, F.V.W. 1999. Learning Processes IN: Antonides, G. Raaij, F.V.W. (ed.) Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. New York: John Wiley Sons Ltd, p. 221. Augoustinos, M. Walker, I. Donaghue, N. 2006. Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction. 2nd ed. London: Sage Publications Ltd. AutoCurate 2011. Emma Watson in Lancà ´me Trà ©sor Midnight Rose Advertisement [Online]. Available From: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVZ1wz7pz4U [Accessed 31 January 2014]. Bernstein, D. 2010. Instrumental and Operant Conditioning: Learning the Consequences of Behaviour IN: Hague, J.D. (eds.) Essentials of Psychology. 5th ed. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 181. Egan, J. 2007. Marketing Communications. London: Thomson Learning. Irish Independent. 2014. RTEs The Saturday Night Show to host debate on homophobia. Irish Independent: Irish News [Online], 31 January. Available From: http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/rtes-the-saturday-night-show-to-host-debate-on-homophobia-29966413.html [Accessed 1 January 2014]. Millon, T. Lerner, M.J. 2003. Attitude Formation IN: Weiner, I.B. (eds.) Handbook of Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology. 6th ed. New York: John Wiley Sons Ltd, p. 311. Nevid, J. 2011. Operant Conditioning: Learning Through Consequences. IN: Hague, J.D. (eds.) Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications. 3rd ed. USA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p.175. Schiffman, L.G. Kanuck, L.L. Hansen, H. 2008. Consumer Learning IN: Schiffman, L.G. Kanuck, L.L. Hansen, H. (eds.) Consumer Behaviour: A European Outlook. Essex: Pearson Education Limited, p. 208. Solomon, M.R. Bamossy, G. Askegaard, S. Hogg, M.K. Learning and Memory IN: Solomon, M.R. Bamossy, G. Askegaard, S. Hogg, M.K. (eds.) Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. 4th ed. Essex: Pearson Educated Limited, p. 246. Solomon, M.R. Bamossy, G. Askegaard, S. Hogg, M.K. Learning and Memory IN: Solomon, M.R. Bamossy, G. Askegaard, S. Hogg, M.K. (eds.) Consumer Behaviour: A European Perspective. 4th ed. Essex: Pearson Educated Limited, p. 253. Tracy, K. 2008. Angelina Jolie: A Biography. Washington: Greenwood Publishing Group. 1

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

A military technology

A military technology CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II by English allies to foil German attempts at jamming transmissions. The allies decided to transmit over several frequencies, instead of one, making it difficult for the Germans to pick up the complete signal. Because Qualcomm created communications chips for CDMA technology, it was privy to the classified information. Once the information became public, Qualcomm claimed patents on the technology and became the first to commercialize it. Code Division Multiple Access technology emerged as an alternative to the GSM cellular architecture and has shared in the past decades explosive growth in the wireless market. CDMA, like GSM, has seen incremental improvements in capacity throughout this period. Now both types of networks are making a transition to third-generation (3G) systems around the globe, offering yet more capacity and data services. INTRODUCTION With the advent of wireless communication there was the advent of the two technologies for the cellular communication. They were the CDMA and the GSM technology. Both the technologies have their own mechanisms of working and their own pros and cons for which they have their own different utilizations and implications.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The technology on which our group has proposed to research is the CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology. Though the total users of the CDMA technology around the globe are approximately 14% yet it has many advantages over the GSM technology which has enormous number of users. Actually the GSM technology is easy to manage and to handle rather than CDMA but that doesnt mean that it has got no future. Truly speaking the CDMA technology is the technology of the future. Gradually its gaining popularity in the European market. What is CDMA? CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several protocols used in so-called second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) wireless communications. As the term implies, CDMA is a form of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands. CDMA employs analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) in combination with spread spectrum technology. Audio input is first digitized into binary elements. The frequency of the transmitted signal is then made to vary according to a defined pattern (code), so it can be intercepted only by a receiver whose frequency response is programmed with the same code, so it follows exactly along with the transmitter frequency. There are trillions of possible frequency-sequencing codes, which enhance privacy and makes cloning difficult. The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz wide. CDMA networks use a scheme called soft handoff, which minimizes signal breakup as a handset passes from one cell to another. The combination of digital and spread-spectrum modes supports several times as many signals per unit bandwidth as analog modes. CDMA is compatible with other cellular technologies; this allows for nationwide roaming. The original CDMA standard, also known as CDMA One and still common in cellular telephones in the U.S., offers a transmission speed of only up to 14.4 Kbps in its single channel form and up to 115 Kbps in an eight-channel form. CDMA2000 and wideband CDMA deliver data many times faster. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a digital air interface standard, claiming eight to fifteen times the capacity of traditional analog cellular systems. It employs a commercial adaptation of a military spread-spectrum technology. Based on spread spectrum theory, it gives essentially the same services and qualities as wireline service. The primary difference is that access to the local exchange carrier (LEC) is provided via a wireless phone. Though CDMAs application in cellular telephony is relatively new, it is not a new technology. CDMA has been used in many military applications, such as: Anti-jamming (because of the spread signal, it is difficult to jam or interfere with a CDMA signal). Ranging (measuring the distance of the transmission to know when it will be received). Secure communications (the spread spectrum signal is very hard to detect). CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, which means that it spreads the information contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal. With CDMA, unique digital codes, rather than separate RF frequencies or channels, are used to differentiate subscribers. The codes are shared by both the mobile station (cellular phone) and the base station, and are called pseudo-random code sequences. Since each user is separated by a unique code, all users can share the same frequency band (range of radio spectrum). This gives many unique advantages to the CDMA technique over other RF techniques in cellular communication. CDMA is a digital multiple access technique and this cellular aspect of the protocol is specified by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) as IS-95. In CDMA, the BSSAP is divided into the DTAP and BSMAP (which corresponds to BSSMAP in GSM). Generating a CDMA signal There are five steps in generating a CDMA signal. analog to digital conversion vocoding encoding and interleaving channelizing the signals conversion of the digital signal to a Radio Frequency (RF) signal The use of codes is a key part of this process. How CDMA is altering the face of cellular and PCS communication? CDMA is altering the face of cellular and PCS communication by: Dramatically improving the telephone traffic capacity Dramatically improving the voice quality and eliminating the audible effects of multipath fading Reducing the incidence of dropped calls due to handoff failures Providing reliable transport mechanism for data communications, such as facsimile and internet traffic Reducing the number of sites needed to support any given amount of traffic Simplifying site selection Reducing deployment and operating costs because fewer cell sites are needed Reducing average transmitted power Reducing interference to other electronic devices Reducing potential health risks Commercially introduced in 1995, CDMA quickly became one of the worlds fastest-growing wireless technologies. In 1999, the International Telecommunications Union selected CDMA as the industry standard for new third-generation (3G) wireless systems. Many leading wireless carriers are now building or upgrading to 3G CDMA networks in order to provide more capacity for voice traffic, along with high-speed data capabilities. CDMA is a form of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum communications. In general, Spread Spectrum communications is distinguished by three key elements: The signal occupies a bandwidth much greater than that which is necessary to send the information. This results in many benefits, such as immunity to interference and jamming and multi-user access, which well discuss later on. The bandwidth is spread by means of a code which is independent of the data. The independence of the code distinguishes this from standard modulation schemes in which the data modulation will always spread the spectrum somewhat. The receiver synchronizes to the code to recover the data. The use of an independent code and synchronous reception allows multiple users to access the same frequency band at the same time. In order to protect the signal, the code used is pseudo-random. It appears random, but is actually deterministic, so that the receiver can reconstruct the code for synchronous detection. This pseudo-random code is also called pseudo-noise (PN). There are three ways to spread the bandwidth of the signal: Frequency hopping. The signal is rapidly switched between different frequencies within the hopping bandwidth pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows before hand where to find the signal at any given time. Time hopping. The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudo-randomly, and the receiver knows beforehand when to expect the burst. Direct sequence. The digital data is directly coded at a much higher frequency. The code is generated pseudo-randomly, the receiver knows how to generate the same code, and correlates the received signal with that code to extract the data. HOW SPREAD SPECTRUM WORKS? Spread Spectrum uses wide band, noise-like signals. Because Spread Spectrum signals are noise-like, they are hard to detect. Spread Spectrum signals are also hard to Intercept or demodulate. Further, Spread Spectrum signals are harder to jam (interfere with) than narrowband signals. These Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) and anti-jam (AJ) features are why the military has used Spread Spectrum for so many years. Spread signals are intentionally made to be much wider band than the information they are carrying to make them more noise-like. Spread Spectrum signals use fast codes that run many times the information bandwidth or data rate. These special Spreading codes are called Pseudo Random or Pseudo Noise codes. They are called Pseudo because they are not real Gaussian noise. Spread Spectrum transmitters uses similar transmit power levels to narrow band transmitters. Because Spread Spectrum signals are so wide, they transmit at a much lower spectral power density, measured in Watts per Hertz, than narrowband transmitters. This lower transmitted power density characteristic gives spread signals a big plus. Spread and narrow band signals can occupy the same band, with little or no interference. This capability is the main reason for all the interest in Spread Spectrum today. IMPLEMENTATION OF CDMA TECHNOLOGY Now a day, in large organization the communication process has to be fast and efficient. There are the major points that have to be taken care in the modern corporate culture. Over time, more and more demands have been made on the capabilities of corporate networks. Workers want more mobility; secure, high-speed access; and an extension of applications across the enterprise, all of which can strain current IT capabilities. The first and foremost of all is protecting corporate network assets is an ongoing task for IT professionals. Increased worker mobility and mobile workers needs for immediate, secure access to critical business information add challenges to maintaining network security Some of todays top security issues and concerns are: Unauthorized systems and network access Auditability and compliance Customer data breaches Internal and external sabotage Theft of intellectual property and confidential business information Cost of mobile device administration The following diagram illustrates many elements critical to mobile data security. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GSM AND CDMA TECHNOLOGY In cellular service there are two main competing network technologies: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Cellular carriers including Sprint PCS, Cingular Wireless, Verizon and T-Mobile use one or the other. Understanding the difference between GSM and CDMA will allow you to choose a carrier that uses the preferable network technology for your needs. The GSM Association is an international organization founded in 1987, dedicated to providing, developing, and overseeing the worldwide wireless standard of GSM. CDMA, a proprietary standard designed by Qualcomm in the United States, has been the dominant network standard for North America and parts of Asia. However, GSM networks continue to make inroads in the United States, as CDMA networks make progress in other parts of the world. There are camps on both sides that firmly believe either GSM or CDMA architecture is superior to the other. That said, to the non-invested consumer who simply wants bottom line information to make a choice, the following considerations may be helpful. Coverage The most important factor is getting service in the areas you will be using your phone. Upon viewing competitors coverage maps you may discover that only GSM or CDMA carriers offer cellular service in your area. If so, there is no decision to be made, but most people will find that they do have a choice. Data Transfer Speed With the advent of cellular phones doing double and triple duty as streaming video devices, podcast receivers and email devices, speed is important to those who use the phone for more than making calls. CDMA has been traditionally faster than GSM, though both technologies continue to rapidly leapfrog along this path. Both boast 3G standards, or 3rd generation technologies. EVDO, also known as CDMA2000, is CDMAs answer to the need for speed with a downstream rate of about 2 megabits per second, though some reports suggest real world speeds are closer to 300-700 kilobits per second (kbps). This is comparable to basic DSL. As of fall 2005, EVDO is in the process of being deployed. It is not available everywhere and requires a phone that is CDMA2000 ready. GSMs answer is EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), which boasts data rates of up to 384 kbps with real world speeds reported closer to 70-140 kbps. With added technologies still in the works that include UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone Standard) and HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access), speeds reportedly increase to about 275à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬380 kbps. This technology is also known as W-CDMA, but is incompatible with CDMA networks. An EDGE-ready phone is required. In the case of EVDO, theoretical high traffic can degrade speed and performance, while the EDGE network is more susceptible to interference. Both require being within close range of a cell to get the best speeds, while performance decreases with distance. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards In the United States only GSM phones use SIM cards. The removable SIM card allows phones to be instantly activated, interchanged, swapped out and upgraded, all without carrier intervention. The SIM itself is tied to the network, rather than the actual phone. Phones that are card-enabled can be used with any GSM carrier. The CDMA equivalent, a R-UIM card, is only available in parts of Asia but remains on the horizon for the U.S. market. CDMA carriers in the U.S. require proprietary handsets that are linked to one carrier only and are not card-enabled. To upgrade a CDMA phone, the carrier must deactivate the old phone then activate the new one. The old phone becomes useless. Roaming For the most part, both networks have fairly concentrated coverage in major cities and along major highways. GSM carriers, however, have roaming contracts with other GSM carriers, allowing wider coverage of more rural areas, generally speaking, often without roaming charges to the customer. CDMA networks may not cover rural areas as well as GSM carriers, and though they may contract with GSM cells for roaming in more rural areas, the charge to the customer will generally be significantly higher. International Roaming If you need to make calls to other countries, a GSM carrier can offer international roaming, as GSM networks dominate the world market. If you travel to other countries you can even use your GSM cell phone abroad, providing it is a quad-band phone (850/900/1800/1900 MHz). By purchasing a SIM card with minutes and a local number in the country you are visiting, you can make calls against the card to save yourself international roaming charges from your carrier back home. CDMA phones that are not card-enabled do not have this capability, however there are several countries that use CDMA networks. Check with your CDMA provider for your specific requirements. According CDG.org, CDMA networks support over 270 million subscribers worldwide, while GSM.org tallies up their score at over 1 billion. As CDMA phones become R-UIM enabled and roaming contracts between networks improve, integration of the standards might eventually make differences all but transparent to the consumer. The chief GSM carriers in the United States are Cingular Wireless, recently merged with ATT Wireless, and T-Mobile USA. Major CDMA carriers are Sprint PCS, Verizon and Virgin Mobile. There are also several smaller cellular companies on both networks.

Monday, August 19, 2019

Various Factors Explaining Why Boys are Boys and Men are Men :: Mens Health Male Roles Society Essays

Various Factors Explaining Why Boys are Boys and Men are Men This paper is going to describe various key factors explaining why boys are boys, men are men, and how boys adapt in this male dominant society to become men. Growing up in Pensacola Florida in a single parent home wasn’t something I wished are hoped for, but something I had to adapt to. My mother, even though she couldn’t be the male role model I needed, help me understand what roles I’m expected to take as a young man. â€Å"Let the boys be boys,† was a phrase used by hip hop legends â€Å"onyx† portraying a message that boys are going to be boys no matter what. So I ask my self what makes a boy, a boy? Rambo like characteristics? Muscles? Short hair? Wearing T-shirts and jeans or playing with sporting equipment? Well last I remember; the main characteristics that boys shared were penises. The role gender association play in the lives of our children can sometimes affect them negatively. The messages that gender roles send, is that in order to be part of society, you must fit into the norm trying to accomplish what society expects of you; But all the while, trying to incorporate individuality and establishing ones sense of self. Two conflicting ideas that can confuse a child and also alter the way they live their lives. There are two colors that are designated to babies that serve one purpose and one purpose only. Most infant boys were the color blue and girls wear pink. Seeing that it is difficult to determine the sex of an infant without general exposure to the genitals, most parents choose to clothe they’re young child in the respective colors so people will know whether it is a boy or a girl. After all, what male infant wears pink? When the children grow older, do they still continue the practice the color identification game? This is where it changes, When boys reach the age where they start dressing themselves and start buying their own clothes, they will continue to wear the blues and the greens and even yellows and reds, but not pink or violet, cause those are â€Å"girly† colors. Girls on the other hand, when they reach the same age still continue to wear the pink and violets and can even wear the blues, yellows, blacks, and greens. So why can girls make the â€Å"cross-over† without being teased or mocked but boys cant without being called a gay or a fagot.

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Death Of A Salesman :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Death is such a contradicting situation. It is always a sad event, but in some perspectives it may or may not be a joyous event. Not to say that death should be celebrated, just to point out that life may have been a more dramatic experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For my first novel in G.T. I read Death of a Salesman, a play written by Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was born in 1915, in New York City. His parents were well To do until the depression. He attended college where he won three drama prizes. Death of a Salesman was his their Broadway play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The play Death of A Salesman was an extremely confusing play, it was a dialogue between a family of people. There were numerous flashbacks used to illustrate things that happened in the past. The overall purposeof the flashbacks was to describe the situation that Willy Loman, the main character, was dillusional. I feel that in this the characters of this book are well described. The author describes Willy was an average man with a somewhat normal life. His wife Linda is loving and like any woman she sticks by her man. Happy and Biff are Willy and Linda’s sons. The play takes place when Biff and Happy come to visit their parentsfor a couple of days.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The play is reality that most books and movies do not display. It shows an average american family struggling to get by. In the play it is apparent that the characters have strong dreams and aspirations. It is also obvious that they have not yet succeeded in accomplishing them. Quite a few events happen that prove, no matter how hard someone tries, in society things change and it is hard to reach full potential.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The authors of the play puts more reality into the central theme of the play. People get old and begin to do odd things such as talk to people that are not there or people that only exists in their minds. Throughout the play Willy would have conversations with people that he believed were there, but they really were not. Willy strived to be the best and if he was not successful, then things were not good enough. He was ashamed that his money supply was not sufficentenough to support his family. The theme changed throughout the course of the book. I believe the point that he was trying to emphasize was to never give up and all the barriers in the way will be broken.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This play has taught me the lesson that life is how one individual person decides to

Identity Crises in A Separate Peace :: A Separate Peace Essays

World War II, the major historical event during the life of John Knowles, the author of A Separate Peace, started in 1939. Germany instigated the war, and shortly afterward was joined by Japan and Italy. America, however, fought on the side of The Allies, England and France. Although the United States was still recovering from the Great Depression, it entered the war after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The military drafted men into the war, and women took their places in the work force, people abandoned the old way of life and looked forward to a new one. American literature reflects this transition, as the novels written in the post-war period are far more ambitious, expanding past the bounds of traditional literature. Modernism, a major movement at that time, was stimulated by World War II, severing ties with the past and embracing the changes of the future. *Knowles in A Separate Peace illustrates the identity crisis of teenage boys with Gene Forrester?s hypocrisy, P hineas? duality, and Elwin Lepellier?s insanity. Knowles reveals Gene?s hypocritical love towards his closest friends, especially Phineas (Finny). Gene attends every meeting of Finny?s ?Super Suicide Society? during the summer session, even though Gene would much rather be studying. Gene wants to do well in school and is resentful of Finny always pulling him away from his books, however, instead being honest with Finny, Gene behaves as though he enjoys the meetings. Gene, an adolescent struggling to be sincere in his relationships, says, ?I went along, I never missed a meeting?acting against every instinct of my nature, I went without thought of protest? (Knowles 34). Gene refuses to let Finny know how he actually feels about the meetings, and despite his outward love toward Finny, Gene allows bitterness to take root inside of him. Knowles also depicts Gene?s hypocrisy through his response to Finny?s fall. After Finny falls, Gene calmly jumps from the tree branch into the Devon River. Later, when Finny is lying in a hospita l bed, Gene misleads Finny, telling Finny that he tried to help him and keep him from falling. What Gene says is false, because Gene is, in fact, guilty of causing Finny?s fall. Gene says, ?I tried, you remember? I reached out but you were gone, you went down through those little branches underneath, and when I reached out there was only air?

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Hephaestus Made Up Story Essay

â€Å"Where am I?† asked Hephaestus, confused and hurt. â€Å"Why you’re on Lemnos Island, you took quite a hit. I’m guessing you did something to make Zeus distraught, am I right?† said Thetis, a Nereid nymph. And suddenly Hephaestus remembered it all. Seeing his mother, Hera, all tied up and Zeus madder than ever. As he began to go through all the emotions again he carefully disdained all of the bad thoughts and put an indifferent face on; there was no reason to scare his new friend away. â€Å"Something like that,† he barely replied. â€Å"Well, I’m sure you’re very crippled. I shall take you to the Sintian Men; they will be responsible of you, for now. Okay, Hephaestus?† said Thetis. There was no response. â€Å"Poor kid,† mumbled Thetis as she took him to the Sintian Men. The following day Hephaestus woke up in an unfamiliar place, full of unfamiliar people. â€Å"Who are you? What do you want?† Hephaestus entreated. â€Å"We are the Sintian Men, we mean no harm. We’re here to help you.† said one of the men. And from that point on the Sintian Men and Hephaestus became very close good pals. Hephaestus soon started to become very well known around the island, and everyone wanted to meet him. He was a celebrity, crippled but famous. I never had this much attention, he thought. I practically know everyone here, like my own heaven. And then with a whim he saw Aerdna, for the first time. A million of questions rushed to his head: who is she? Where is she from? Has she always been here? I need to get to know her. Shy and formidable Hephaestus quickly retreated and went home. There he made a plan, with guile included. He decided to woo her. Hephaestus, the god that had the special gift of building fine arts, gently made a beautiful scallop shell. He planned to give it to Aerdna as a token of his love. She gladly accepted it, for she too had feelings for him. Now, at this time, Aphrodite was about to get thrown out of the heavens. â€Å"I can’t go! I’ll do anything!† she pleaded to Zeus. Zeus just laughed and replied, â€Å"You must marry the son of my wife: Hephaestus. He is located on Lemnos Island. But, good luck with that. For I see he has found himself another woman.† Hephaestus with another woman? I don’t believe so. This won’t do. She thought to herself. When I see it, I’ll believe it. So, Aphrodite made a trip to Lemnos Island and found out that what Zeus said was true. â€Å"I am appalled! I shall change all of this, I will keep my spot as the goddess of beauty if it’s the last thing I do!† yelled Aphrodite. Quickly and cleverly, Aphrodite made a plan. She would lure Aerdna into a cave and kill her right then and there. Then she will go to Hephaestus and demand his hand in marriage. But, as we all know, not everything always goes as planned. Aphrodite successfully lured her prey into the cave but as soon as Aerdna caught the gist of what was happening she tried to run away. In the end, Aerdna turned into the scallop shell Hephaestus gave her; which later on would become a sign of Aphrodite. Aphrodite and Hephaestus later then got married. Aphrodite remained being a goddess and Hephaestus never really figured out what happened with his one true love.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Acquisition of knowledge Essay

Aims: 1. To foster acquisition of knowledge and understanding of terms, concepts, facts, processes, techniques and principles relating to the subject of Chemistry. 2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge of contents and principles of Chemistry in new or unfamiliar situations. 3. To develop skills in proper handling of apparatus and chemicals. 4. To develop an ability to appreciate achievements in the field of Chemistry and its role in nature and society. 5. To develop an interest in activities involving usage of the knowledge of Chemistry. 6. To develop a scientific attitude through the study of Physical Sciences. 7. To acquaint students with the emerging frontiers and interdisciplinary aspects of the subject. 8. To develop skills relevant to the discipline. 9. To apprise students with interface of Chemistry with other disciplines of Science, such as, Physics, Biology, Geology, Engineering, etc. CLASS XI There will be two papers in the subject. Paper I: Theory- 3 hours Paper II: Practical – 3 hours Project Work Practical File †¦ 70 marks †¦20 marks †¦ 7 marks †¦ 3 marks Main postulates of the theory. Its limitations. Modern atomic theory. Laws of chemical combinations: Law of conservation of mass. Law of definite proportion. Law of multiple proportion. Law of reciprocal proportion. Gay-Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes. Statement, explanation and simple problems based on these laws. (ii) Atomic and isotopic masses. The atomic mass unit is one of the experimentally determined unit. It is equal to 1/12 of the mass of the carbon 12 isotope. (iii) Chemical equivalents, volumetric calculations in terms of normality. C = 12.00 should be taken as a standard for expressing atomic masses. Equivalent weight expresses the combining capacity of the elements with the standard elements such as H, Cl, O, Ag, etc. Variable equivalent weight. Gram equivalent weights, r elationship between gram equivalent weight, gram molecular weight and valency. Determination of equivalent weight of acids, alkalis, salts, oxidising and reducing agents. (experimental details not required). 128 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks There will be one paper of 3 hours duration divided into 2 parts. Part I (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short  answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of the entire syllabus. Part II (50 marks) will be divided into 3 Sections, A, B and C. Candidates are required to answer two out of three questions from Section A (each carrying 10 marks), two out of three questions from Section B (each carrying 5 marks) and two out of three questions from Section C (each carrying 10 marks). Therefore, a total of six questions are to be answered in Part II. SECTION A 1. Atoms and Molecules (i) The concept of atoms having fixed properties in explaining the laws of chemical combination. The study about the atoms. Dalton’s atomic theory: Terms used in volumetric calculations such as percentage (w/w and w/v), normality, molarity, molality, mole fraction, etc. should be discussed. Students are required to know the formulae. Simple calculations on the above topics. (iv) Relative molecular mass and mole. The following methods may be considered for the determination of relative molecular masses for the gases: the molar volume method; Victor Meyer’s method (experimental details not required). Numerical problems based on the above method and Victor Meyer’s method. Mole concept, Avogadro’s number and numerical problems on mole concept. Gram molecular volume. (v) Chemical Reaction calculations based mass-volume and relationships. Self explanatory. 2. Atomic Structure (i) Electrons, Protons and Neutrons as fundamental particles, their charges and masses. Concept of indivisibility of atom as proposed by Dalton does not exist. The atom consists of subatomic fundamental particles. Production of cathode rays and their properties. Production of anode rays and their properties. Chadwick’s experiment for the discovery of neutron and properties of neutron. (ii) Rutherford’s nuclear model based on the scattering experiment. Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom. Rutherford’s scattering experiment. Discovery of nucleus. Defects of Rutherford model. (iii) Bohr’s atomic model. 1. Postulates of Bohr’s theory – based on Planck’s quantum theory. 2. Numericals on Bohr’s atomic radii, velocity and energy of orbits (derivation not required). 129 – Stoichiometric on mass-mass, volume-volume 3. Defects in the Bohr’s Model. (iv) Atomic structure: wave mechanical model-  a simple mathematical treatment. Quantum numbers; shape, size and orientation of s and p orbitals only. Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. Pauli’s exclusion principle, Aufbau principle, electronic configuration of elements in terms of s, p, d, f subshells. †¢ Wave mechanical model – experimental verification of wave nature of electron. †¢ de Broglie’s equation. Numericals. †¢ Heisenberg’s Numericals. uncertainity principle. †¢ Quantum numbers – types of quantum numbers, information obtained in terms of distance of electron from the nucleus, energy of electron, number of electrons present in an orbit and an orbital. †¢ Pauli’s exclusion principle. Shape, size and orientation of the s and p subshells. †¢ Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity. †¢ Aufbau principle, (n+l) rule. †¢ Electronic configuration of elements in terms of s, p, d, f subshells. 3. Periodic Table (i) Atomic number (Proton number) as the basis for classification of the elements in the Periodic Table. IUPAC nomenclature for elements with Z> 100. Mendeleev’s periodic law, defects in the Mendeleev’s periodic table. Advantages and disadvantages. Modern periodic law (atomic number taken as the basis of classification of the elements). Extended and long form of periodic table. General characteristics of groups and periods. Division of periodic table as s, p, d and f blocks. (ii) Extra nuclear structure as the basis of periodicity. Some idea of the following: ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, atomic radius, atomic volume, electronegativity, etc must be given. The periodicity of electronic structure leading to the periodicity of elements e.g the relative ease of ionisation of elements. †¢ Periodic properties such as valence electrons, atomic volume, atomic and ionic radii and their variation in groups and periods. †¢ The idea of ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity must be given and their variation in groups and periods may be discussed. †¢ The factors (atomic number, atomic volume and shielding effect, the number of electrons in the outermost orbit) which affect these periodic properties and their variation in groups and periods. (iii) Periodicity of elements with reference to s, p, d and f block elements. Classification of elements on the basis of s, p, d, f block elements and also on the basis of their complete and incomplete electron shells. Study of the periodicity of properties  mentioned in point (ii) in terms of s, p, d, f blocks and the governing factors in terms of the block characteristics. 4. Chemical Bonding Electrovalent Bond (i) Electrovalent or ionic bond e.g formation of NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2 S. Cause of chemical combination, Octet rule, types of chemical bonds. Electrovalent formation of NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2S. Properties of ionic compounds. Electron dot structure of the following ionic compounds: NaCl, Li2O, MgO, CaO, MgF2, and Na2S must be taught in detail. (ii) Factors influencing the formation of ionic bond, e.g electron gain enthalpy, ionisation enthalpy, lattice energy and electronegativity. The conditions necessary for the formation of ionic bonds such as: low ionisation enthalpy of metals. high electron gain enthalpy of non-metals. high lattice energy. All these points must be discussed in detail. (iii) The relation between the ionic bonding and Periodic Table. The relationship between the formation of cations and anions of the atoms and their positions in the periodic table should be discussed. Correlate the periodic property and the position of the elements in the periodic table to show the ease of formation of anions and cations and electrovalent and covalent compounds. (iv) Variable electrovalency and its causes. Variable electrovalency; reasons for variable electrovalency i.e, due to inert electron pair effect, by using suitable examples. Covalent Bond (i) Covalent bond, sigma and pi bonds e.g. formation of ammonia, nitrogen, ethene, ethyne, and carbon dioxide. Resonance. Definition of covalent bonding, conditions for formation of covalent bonds, types of covalent bonds i.e single, double and triple bonds. Sigma and pi bonds. H2, O2, N2. Classification of covalent bonds based on electronegativity of atoms – polar and non polar covalent bond, dipole moment, formation of CH4, H2O, NH3, ethane, ethene, ethyne and CO2, etc. and their electron dot structure or Lewis structure. Characteristics of covalent compounds. Comparison in electrovalency and covalency. Resonance in simple inorganic molecules like ozone, carbon dioxide, carbonate ion and nitrate  ion. (ii) Variable valency: chlorine exhibits the valency of 1,3,5 & 7 respectively. Variable valency, cause of variable covalency e.g. chlorine exhibits the valency 1, 3, 5 and 7 respectively. Discuss in terms of atomic structure. Variable covalency of phosphorus and sulphur may be discussed. Discuss in terms of atomic structure. (iii) Deviation from Octet rule and Fajan’s rules. Definition of Octet rule. Failure of Octet rule, due to either incomplete octet or exceeding of Octet with suitable examples. Fajan’s rules: Statements. Conditions for electrovalency and covalency must be discussed. Polar and non polar bonds should be correlated with Fajan’s rules. (viii) Molecular orbital theory, Qualitative treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of first two periods. Energy level diagrams, bonding, antibonding molecular orbitals, bond order, paramagnetism of O2 molecule. Relative stabilities of O2, O2-, O2- – , O2+, O2++ Self-explanatory. 5. The Gaseous State (i) The gas laws, qualitatively. kinetic theory treated (iv) Co-ordinate or dative covalent bond, e.g.  formation of oxy-acids of chlorine. Co-ordinate or dative covalent bonding: definition, formation of hypochlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, ammonium ion, hydronium ion, nitric acid, ozone – structural formulae of the above molecules based on co-ordinate bonding. (v) Hydrogen bonding: its essential requirements, the examples of hydrogen fluoride, water (ice), alcohol, etc may be considered. H-bonding – definition, types, condition for hydrogen bond formation, examples of inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in detail taking hydrogen fluoride, water and ice and ethanol into account. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding. (vi) Metallic bonding, Van der Waals’ forces. Metallic bonding – Electron sea model and band model. Explanation of metallic properties in terms of metallic bonding. Van der Waals’ forces and its types. (vii)Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory; Hybridisation and shapes of molecules: hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; sigma and pi bonds. Concept of electron-pair repulsion and shapes of  molecules taking methane, ammonia and water as examples. Hybridisation and molecular shapes – definition, hybridization of orbitals involving s, p and d orbitals (examples: ethane, ethene, ethyne, PCl5 and SF6). Characteristics of gases, comparison between solid, liquid and gas. Properties of gases on the basis of kinetic theory of gases. Laws of gases – Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, Absolute Temperature, Pressure Temperature Law, Avogadro’s Law. Simple numerical problems based on the above laws. Postulates of Kinetic Theory must be discussed to explain gas laws. (ii) PV = nRT or PV= (w/M)RT and the application of this equation of state. Ideal gas equation PV = nRT; its application in calculation of relative molecular mass and in the calculation of the value of R. (iii) Non ideal behaviour of gases and Van der Waals’ equation. Non ideal behaviour of gases i.e. deviation from gas laws may be discussed at low and at high temperature and pressure. Van der Waals’ equation (P + a/V2) (V-b) = RT for one mole of a gas. The pressure correction and volume correction may be explained. (iv) Dalton’s law, the Avogadro constant, the mole, Graham’s law of diffusion, simple numerical problems on the above. †¢ Dalton’s Law of partial pressure. †¢ Application of Dalton’s Law. †¢ Numerical problems based on the above law. †¢ Avogadro’s constant. †¢ Relationship between the mole and Avogadro number. Graham’s Law of diffusion and its application. †¢ Simple numerical problems on the above. 6. Colloidal Solutions Preparation and properties of colloids, both lyophilic and lyophobic colloids. Precipitation as evidence that the colloidal particles are charged. Idea of gold number is required, but application of gold number is not required. The importance of large surface area in adsorption should also be appreciated. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Thomas Graham classified the substances as crystalloid and colloid. Classification of substances on the basis of the particle size i.e. true solution, sol and suspension. Colloidal system is heterogeneous. Lyophilic and lyophobic colloids. Classification of colloidal solutions as micro, macro and associated colloids. Preparation of lyophilic colloids. Preparation of  lyophobic colloids by colloid mill, peptisation, Bredig’s arc method (procedural details not required) by oxidation, reduction, double decomposition and exchange of solvent method should be discussed. Purification of colloids (dialysis, ultra filtration, and ultracentrifugation). Properties of colloidal solutions such as Brownian movement, Tyndall effect, coagulation and protection (protective colloids), should be discussed. Gold number and Hardy Schulze rule. Application of colloids in life. Electrophoresis (movement of dispersed phase). Emulsions, surfactants, micelles (only definition and examples). 8. Chemical Energetics (i) Introduction. (a) Scope of thermodynamics- characteristics of thermodynamics. (b) Types of system – ideal system, real system, isolated system, closed system, open system. (c) Meaning of surrounding. (d) Properties of the system: macroscopic, intensive and extensive properties of the system. (e) State of the system. (f) Main processes the system undergoes: reversible, irreversible, adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric, isochoric, cyclic. (g) Meaning of thermodynamic equilibrium. (h) Meaning of thermodynamic process. (ii) First law of Thermodynamics mathematical statement. and its (a) Idea of conservation of energy – total energy of the system and the surrounding. (b) Meaning of internal energy of the system and change in internal energy of the system. (c) Meaning of work done by the system and by the surrounding at constant temperature. (d) Meaning of heat absorbed by the system and by the surrounding at constant temperature. (e) The sign convention for change in internal energy, heat given out or gained, work done by the system or by the surrounding. (f) State function and path function- meaning with examples. (g) Internal energy change, work done and heat absorbed in a cyclic process. (h) Internal energy change in an isolated system and in non isolated system. 7. Chemical Kinetics Rate of a chemical reaction, basic idea of order and molecularity of a reaction. Rate of a chemical reaction; Relation between order and the stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced equation; Meaning of molecularity. Differences between the order and molecularity of the reaction. Physical significance of entropy State function and not path function. Relationship between adiabatic change and entropy. Entropy change of the universe and a reversible isothermal process. Entropy change of the universe and irreversible process. Meaning of thermal death. Meaning of energy content and work content (free energy) of the system – thermodynamic quantity – state function. Types of work and meaning of the two types of work. Meaning of Helmholtz’s Free energy and Gibb’s free energy and the change in Gibb’s and Helmholtz’s free energy. Relationship between Gibb’s free energy and Helmholtz’s free energy. Simple calculation on the change in Gibb’s free energy and Helmholtz’s free energy. Relationship between change in Gibb’s free energy and equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction. Change in Gibb’s free energy in reversible, irreversible, isobaric and isochoric processes. Based on change in Gibb’s free energy, defining the criteria for the spontaneity of a change in terms of entropy and enthalpy; defining the limits for reversible chemical reactions. (k) Chemical change and internal energy. (l) Need for enthalpy – constant pressure or open vessel processes. (m) Enthalpy a thermodynamic property – state function. (n) Mathematical form constant pressure. (iii) Ideas about Heat, Work and Energy. Heat – the energy in transit.  Condition for the transfer of heat. Limitation in conversion of heat into work. Condition at which heat transfer ceases. Unit of heat. Meaning of energy – capacity to do work. Meaning of work – intensity factor and capacity factor. Types of work. Mathematical form of reversible work. Mathematical form of irreversible work. Difference between the reversible and irreversible work done – graphically. Adiabatic reversible expansion. Relationship between Cv and internal energy change.