Educational System an Example of the Topic School by

Educational System Preview Need essay sample on "Educational System" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Standardized testing dates back to 2200 BC in China where it was used to judge the knowledge of the people coming into civil services. Standardized testing did not only confine itself to China, but it spread to Europe and US as well. Standardized testing which is very common here is not an effective method, and therefore it should be discontinued. Standardized tests give wealthy students an edge over less affluent students. Various test centers for SAT, GRE prepare millions of students all around the world for standardized tests. Secondly, precious time, resources and energy of the schools are wasted to prepare the students for standardized tests. Thirdly, standardized testing paves the way for tougher standards on some educational institutions who produce low scores which can make their staff less motivated and cause them to intentionally increase the scores of their students. Lastly and most importantly standardized tests cannot handle pretty very well it is biased against people belonging to minorities and from other cultures whose native language is not English. Standardized testing is not something new in fact it has a very long and rich history. It was first used in China in around 2200 BC. People who were interested in civil service, an occupation considered highly respectable, had to clear a standard test. The exams mostly tested rote memorization of received wisdom. However, in 1905 standardized tests were disbanded because of a reform movement. Standardized testing was not only confined to China, but Standardized testing was also present in Europe during the Middle Ages. Many universities used tests as part of their entrance exams, in addition to interviews and other measures.By 1803, the use of written exams was widespread throughout Europe because of problems with the oral exam system. In the United States, standardized tests appeared in the mid 19th century. Standardized testing has become very common in the US because of it can be easily implemented and administered to judge the acquired knowledge. Standardized testing itself is not bad, but the way it is used makes it ineffective and unethical. It is used mostly as a sole determining factor for promotions, educational advancement, graduation, admission, etc. which makes it futile and ineffective. The reasons which account for this factor are as follows Our Customers Often Tell EssayLab support: I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I want to spend time with my family Essay writers suggest: Order Papers On Essaylab.Com Best Essay Writing Service Reviews Professional Writing Services Buy College Papers Online Academic Writing Services Another draw back of standardized testing is that it influences teaching or the instructors. (Golan, 3) Before giving a test, the teachers have a general idea of what they will give in the test and therefore they intentionally or intentionally focus on the important areas and leave out the other chapters, sections, etc. which are not important from the point of view of exams. These left out chapters might not be important from the examination point of view, but they might be very important for a childs professional development. Secondly, in most of the cases instructors who teach the students also administer and grade the students who might also have a negative impact on the teachers. Teachers tend to get involved in a self-fulfilling prophesy where they grade the students who they consider above average with good grades and tend to give lower grades to students whom they perceive as below average students. (Hoffman, 45). Scores are influenced by various factors The scores on standardized tests are not an accurate measure of intelligence or knowledge since they are influenced by various other factors. The three most important ones are what kids learn in school, what kids learn outside of school, and innate intelligence (Popham, 12). Innate intelligence is influenced by various factors some of them are biological and environmental. Experiments done on mice have demonstrated superior ability in learning and memory in various behavioral tasks, and there exists variation in intelligence because of genetic differences. (Dube,43). Similarly, there exist differences in the intelligence in human beings as well. This shows that some individuals may have an edge or advantage over other individuals which makes the whole procedure of applying standardized tests on every one flawed. Moreover, innate intelligence is also influenced by environmental factors. Environmental factor includes a childs upbringing, his/her culture, the role of parents, etc. In 1992 National Assessment of Educational Progress found that the combination of four such variables (number of parents living at home, parents' educational background, type of community, and poverty rate) accounted for a whopping 89 percent of the differences in state scores. This study shows how biased and unfair standardized tests are for some disadvantage students. Moreover, students from different culture have a different way of analyzing things. Since standardized tests are not cultured specific, the results they might give may be misleading. Standardized tests give wealthy students and edge over less affluent students Since these days standardized tests have become a sole determining factor for promotion, admission, etc. students all around the world pay huge amounts of money as to prepare for the tests and get good grades or a decent GPA. Various test centers for SAT, GRE prepare millions of students all around the world for standardized tests. Moreover, various online resource centers have opened which provide test preparation material to students while charging hefty amounts from them. This trend is a serious concern for the critics of standardized tests. The new trend of test preparation gives an edge to students of wealthy parents, who have enough resources to prepare their children, over children of less affluent families. (Johnson, 1) Thus children or students belonging to less affluent families have to face a transparent barrier where they cannot compete with students of well-off families only because of fewer resources or money. Precious time, resources and energy are wasted because of standardized tests. Schools, to prepare the students for standardized tests, are incurring huge social costs and are wasting their precious time, resources and energy. The schools in order to raise the tests scores are giving less importance or even eliminating programs in the arts, recess for young children, electives, extracurricular activities, class meetings, activities intended to promote social and moral learning, and discussions about current events (since that material will not appear on the test), (Kohn,2) Standardized testing paves the way for tougher standards on some educational institutions Standardized testing serves as a guiding tool for the administration to make decisions regarding funding, regulations, etc. of different schools. Therefore, teachers intentionally over rate their students to get a greater overall aggregate of marks which will increase the ranking of their schools. However, in some cases, this has created disenchantment for testing in the minds of professional and sincere educators. The reason is professional teachers do not like to teach in places where the main focus is on high scores or in which they will be pressured to produce such scores. Nervousness/ illness can influence the grade Supporters of standardized testing say that standardized tests are a good way of measuring a students ability, knowledge and intelligence.However, a score on a standardized test might not reflect the intelligence or the acquired knowledge of the student because there are various factors that might influence the grade of a child. For example, a child might become sick or unwell on the day of the examination, or he might become nervous (Watson, 3) because of the exam which may lower the grade of the child. In such cases, the standardized test does not measure the knowledge or the intelligence of the student, but it measures the ability of the student to apply that knowledge in a stressful situation. Scores have a negative impact on the performance of the student One of the most devastating effects of high-stakes standardized testing is the emotional effects on students and teachers. A student who does poorly on a test and achieves a low score becomes disillusioned and less motivated which makes causes them to make less effort to learn. Unfortunately, this starts a downward spiral that is very hard to break out of. (Haladyna, 160) Once they perform poorly on a test, they have no motivation to work hard for the next one and do poorly on that one once again, which in turn evokes more negative emotion towards learning. Standardized tests cannot handle pretty One of the biggest criticisms of standardized tests is that they cannot handle persity. Most of many of today's tests are written so that only white, middle-class, English-speaking Americans can succeed which makes it very unfair for the other minorities. Moreover, standardized testing is also very biased against disabled people. Disabilities include physical disabilities, language delays, ADHD, visual impairments and mental retardation. Such people require special assistance, a test with a low level of difficulty and a test made specifically for them which is not the case with standardized tests. Work cited Alfie Kohn, Standardized Testing, and Its Victims, Education week, 2000 Hoffmen, Schema, Psychology in action,2000 Joan L. Herman 1 Shari Golan, The Effects of Standardized Testing on Teaching and Schools, Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 1998 Popham, W.J Why Standardized Test Scores Don't Measure Educational Quality. Educational Leadership, 1999 Peg Watson, Pros & Cons of Standardized Testing and Portfolio Evaluations, VaHomeschoolers' High Quality Newsletter, 2004 Tang YP, Shimizu E, Dube GR, Genetic enhancement of learning and memory in mice, Nature 401, 1999

buy custom Grammatical Functions essay

buy custom Grammatical Functions essay ELVIS lives in salford quays. ELVIS- This is a proper noun that falls in the category known as noun of address. It is referred to that since it represents an individuals name which is unique. The noun acts the subject of the verb Lives This is THE MOST DIFFICULT OF ALL MY ASSIGNMENTS THE- It is a definite article. It specifies the assignment in this statement MOST-This is a superlative adjective. It modifies the pronoun MY. DIFICULT-This is an adverb. It is describing the object. OF-This is a preposition. This is because it gives added information about the pronoun ALL-This is a collective noun. It stands for several members. MY-this is a possessive pronoun since it is placed before the object of the sentence, which is assignment. It shows possession of the object, which in this case is the assignment ASSIGNMENT- It acts as the object of reference in this sentence. FRANKLY,i don't really care FRANKLY- This is an adjective. It modifies the pronoun of the sentence, I. It is describing more about the pronoun. Tom answered THE QUESTION without hesitation THE-This is a definite article. It specifies the question Tom answered. QUESTION- It is the direct object of the definite article THE. They must send mum A BIRTHDAY CARD. A- This is an indefinite article. It does not give the specific card to be sent. It generalizes the collective noun. BIRTHDAY CARD-This is a collective noun. This is because the word stands for more than a single entity. This group as much as it is a single unit in this sentence, it contains several members. Buy custom Grammatical Functions essay

Nikko Hotels International and Japanese Airlines Development Company Case Study - 43

Nikko Hotels International and Japanese Airlines Development Company - Case Study Example The managers comprised of an Austrian, in charge of food and beverage, an Irishman in charge of human resource, Japanese in control of matters and a Lebanese chief engineer and an American in charge of marketing. All these individuals brought together a taste of their diverse backgrounds and culture, enabling the hotel to be a global brand. The aim of the retreat was to get together this team of diversity, as well as brainstorming on how to venture into the American market. In addition to this, the Japanese element of the company was to be discussed in terms of how it will merge into the American business environment. The executive president, Mr.Miura joined the managers at the time of presentation of their ideas. This was after they had come up with these ideas in their respective small groups and brought them forward. Once on the table, Miura commented on them in a way which the non-Japanese managers found annoying. This was a highlight of the cultural differences within the team and served as a wakeup call for the president to learn how to manage diversity. He was shocked because, he presumed that based on his position as the president, all his subordinates were answerable to him, and not the other way round. This might be an effect of his native Japanese culture whereby seniors are not supposed to be answered rudely even when they criticize wrongly. On regaining control of himself, he decided to give them a break and take some time off until the following day. This was in order for him to work on his profile and speech while giving the managers some time to calm down. The next day, Miura has certainly learned how to manage his managers. He began by giving a speech about the reason the business was opening in America, then his previous work experience which spanned twenty-seven years. After the speech, he joined the executives in formulating the hotel’s mission statement.  

Art joins poetry on the beach by Charles Donelan Essay

Art joins poetry on the beach by Charles Donelan - Essay Example They went against the grain of local opposition to foreigners photographing sacred building as well as the omnipresent dust, severe temperatures, and inclement light. Most of these early photographers made negatives on glass plates, which were delicate and cumbersome; however, they produced sharp images. Francis Frith (England 1822-1898) documented that the severe heat could boil photosensitive chemicals on his glass plates, and regularly the best accessible darkrooms were tombs and caves. Other photographers made collotypes’, the paper negatives from which positive photos are printed. There were more convenient than glass plates and the paper’s texture produced a positive photo with softer tones. Photographs of the holy locations, archeological places, and ruins authenticated the new field of archeology, liberated historians, and captivated those wanting romantic perceptions of alien lands. Photos offered foster experiences for Americans and Europeans put off by the vo yage, even after the Suez Canal opened in 1896. The exhibition installation offers classic images presenting a variety of themes and topics including city views, pictorial of holy places, ancient architectural allure, and assessment of essential artifacts. All images in this installation are derived from Leland Stanford Junior museum. Frith exceedingly explored the Near East during three long voyages, all taken between 1856 and 1860. In 1857 he photographed Cairo’s mosques, a daunting task because non-Muslims were not permitted inside them and he had to find vantage points away from the town’s throngs. Frith collected his photographs of architecture causally so that light and shadow assisted a feeling of spatial profundity and scope. Frith, a Quaker and flourished entrepreneur with a passion for expedition, became the most prominent English photographer of the Near East. He accomplished this aiming chic audience with his elegant photographs, stereo-view cards, and phot o-graphics publications featuring archeological and biblical locations. During his expeditions, Frith noted that tourists were the central audience of his photography collections. The most of the Mosque Emeer Akhor was of particular interest to me. Architecture is the art of construction. The art consolidates shapes, building techniques, and constructions of materials to create a building that is alluring to look at. This art as well works the means it requires to, and fits with what is around it. In these photograph we view a mosque with all its beautiful dome and striking patterns. It is shielded by a stonewall. The design of this mosque is an irrefutable Ottoman imperial style, likely as a challenge to the Sultan authority. The architecture of the mosque from the photograph yet has remained mostly faithful to its style accredited to the earlier dynasty. The stonewalls somehow gives one the feeling that the mosque was fortified by the then dynasty, to shield it from the crusaders. PART II Hank Pitcher’s paintings are founded in a certain feeling of place. He was born in Pasadena, California on July 20, 1949. Yet his parents relocated to Isla Vista, next to Santa Barbara. He was two years-old. Then, Isla Vista was a mere colony on the beach. On the other hand, Goleta was a farm town where kids rode their horses gown the street to buy chocolate at the store. At San Marcos High School, he was a coffee star and was hired by big-shot universities. Instead of soccer, he selected to attend the College of Creative Studies, an option program within the University of California at Santa Barbara, where he currently teaches painting. He divides his time between painting and surfing, engaging in each with devotion and

Business and the business environment of Starbuck Essay

Business and the business environment of Starbuck - Essay Example Strong and persistent focus on international sales led to significant growth and expansion of this company during the subsequent years. During the second quarter of 2010, for instance, Starbucks’ profits increased eightfold to $217.3 million (Starbucks, 2010a). Currently, this company has more than 1700 stores in various locations in the world. It distributes its products in terms of stores and does not sell franchises. Apart from specialty coffee, this company owns other two brands namely; Tazo Tea and Seattle’s Best Coffee. This paper examines the external and the internal environments affecting the performance of this company. It also analyzes the key stakeholders of this company and their relationships to the company. PESTEL Analysis The following PESTEL analysis will examine in brief the factors of the external environment that affect the performance of this Starbucks namely economic, environmental, political, legal issues, social and technological factors. Politic al Environment One of the political factors affecting the performance of Starbucks is trade restrictions in terms of tariffs and other non-tariff barriers placed by various countries across their international borders. Strict and coercive trade barriers may adversely affect the ability of this company to source the best beans and to export its output to over 50 countries in which it operates (Anon, 2010). In addition, this may adversely affect its reputation, sales and competitiveness in the global market. Secondly, political stability in the countries where Starbucks operates is an important issue. In Israel, Starbucks was forced to put off all of its operations due to political hostility between the Palestinians and Jews (Starbucks, 2012). This adversely affected its strategy for expansion into the international market. Generally, political environment is unfavourable to some extent and presents threats to this company. European Union recently expanded to include Hungary, Slovakia , Poland, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania Cyprus and Malta (Kole, 2011). This makes trade across the borders of these countries more liberal and opens opportunities for Starbucks to expand its operations into those markets. Finally, Starbucks has in the past been evading paying corporate taxes in various countries in Europe and this issue has adverse effect on its reputation in the European market (Kole, 2011). Recently, this company has bowed to pressure from the UK government authorities to pay taxes from 2013 henceforth. It is vital for Starbucks should be compliant to such government requirements in all countries where it operates to avoid damaging its image. Economic Environment The stability of the US dollar is a vital issue to the operations of Starbucks. Weak monetary policies, for instance may lead to a decline in the dollar rates in comparison to other currencies (Oxford University Press, 2010). The company may as a result incur higher costs of vit al inputs such as coffee, milk and sugar. This may force the company to pass the extra cost to the consumer, which may put at risk its reputation, sales and competitiveness. The recent economic crisis that peaked in 2007 and 2008 led to increased unemployment rates in many countries. For instance, the number of unemployed persons in Britain rose three-fold to 2.5 million by 2010 (National Coffee Drinking Trends, 2011). This also adversely affecte

Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences

Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences Abstract: As we know, language is bearer of culture and idioms are heavily culturally loaded phrases and sentences. To translate English idioms involves obstacles for Chinese features. When an idiom is being translated, we will find it often hard to be translated. While the key to translate is that its figurative meaning should be remained. In this paper, it is from living conditions, customs, religions belief and historical allusions to describe cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms, and detailed description of methods in English and Chinese idioms translation. Key words: Language , Cultural differences , Idioms , Translation methods 1. Introduction Language is the carrier of culture. Both English and Chinese language has a long history.They have a large number of idioms, they are implicitly, humor, serious and elegant. While idioms are a very important part of any language, and idiom translation plays an important role in translation. Idiom is a speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements. Idioms include colloquialisms, proverbs,slangs and so on. When we translate idioms from Chinese into English or English into Chinese, we should know the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms, and we can find the right translation methods. 2. the Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Idioms Idioms translation is an intercultural activity, therefore, we should take cultural differences into consideration when we translate them. And the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms can be classified into four types. 2.1. From living conditions The natural environment is the basis of human living and development. China is a country with continental climate, Chinese people live in the continent of Asia. Since ancient times, China is a large agricultural country, the land is important to peoples life. Therefore, there are many idioms related to wind, agriculture and land-related. Such as æâ€" ©Ã¨ â€°Ã©â„¢ ¤Ã¦   ¹ ( stamp out the root of trouble ), é £Å½Ã¨ °Æ'é› ¨Ã© ¡ º ( seasonable weather for crop raising ), æÅ' ¥Ã¥Å"Ÿå ¦â€šÃ©â€¡â€˜( spend money like water ) ä ¸â€¡Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ¿ ±Ã¥ ¤â€¡Ã¥  ªÃ¦ ¬  Ã¤ ¸Å"é £Å½ ( Everything is ready except the east wind ), ä ¸Å"é £Å½Ã¦Å  ¥Ã¦Ëœ ¥( )Chinese people can understand its meaning, for British people it is difficult. Because in Chinese east wind symbolizes spring and warmth , and The United Kingdom is located in the western hemisphere north temperate zone, with marine climate. In England, east wind comes from the northern part of the European continent, and it symbolizes chilly and unpleasant ,while west wind symbolizes spring in England, so they can not understand the real meaning of Chinese idiom. In English there are many idioms related to water, fish, boat and so on, such as as weak as water (Ã¥ ¼ ±Ã¤ ¸ Ã§ ¦ Ã© £Å½), in deep water (é™ ·Ã¥â€¦ ¥Ã¤ ¸ ¥Ã©â€¡ Ã¥â€º °Ã¥ ¢Æ') to keep ones head above water (Ã¥ ¥â€¹Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¥â€º ¾Ã¥ ¼ º), water under the bridge (æâ€"  Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã¦Å' ½Ã¥â€ºÅ¾Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨ ¿â€¡Ã¥Å½ »)drink like a fish (è ± ªÃ© ¥ ®), to miss the boat (é”™å ¤ ±Ã¨â€° ¯Ã¦Å" º), all at sea (ä ¸ Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¦Å½ ª). 2.2. From customs There are many differences between English and Chinese customs. In China, people think themselves are descendant of the Dragon, the dragon is a symbol of auspicious animals. Thus, we have dragon-related idioms contain complimentary sense. Such as æÅ"݌ ­ Ã¦Ë† Ã© ¾â„¢(To expect ones son to become an outstanding personage), é ¾â„¢Ã¥â€¡ ¤Ã¥â€˜Ë†Ã§ ¥ ¥(Harmony reigns) and so on. In western countries, they think dragon is a fire-breathing animal and it is terrifying. In addition, peoples attitude toward the dog is different. In English-speaking countries, people think the dog is a faithful animal to human, such as Youre a lucky dog(ä ½  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥ ¹ ¸Ã¨ ¿ Ã¥â€ž ¿),Every dog has his day(å‡ ¡Ã¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰å ¾â€"æ„ Ã¦â€" ¥).On the contrary, the dog is a lowly animal in China. Such as ç‹ ¼Ã¥ ¿Æ'ç‹â€"è‚ º ( brutal and cold-blooded ),ç‹â€"çÅ" ¼Ã§Å"‹ä º ºÃ¤ ½Å½( the damned snobbish ),ç‹â€"å˜ ´Ã©â€¡Å'Ã¥  Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ¨ ± ¡Ã§â€°â„¢( a dogs mouth emits no ivory ),etc. There is another example, in Chinese culture, ox is the symbol of diligence. From ancient times, Chinese farmers went in for farming with the help of ox. So Chinese give love and praise to ox. Then in Chinese we have 力å ¤ §Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ§â€°â€º when it is translated into English, it should be as strong as a horse, Chinese people say Ã¥Æ' Ã§â€°â€ºÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦   ·Ã¥â€¹ ¤Ã¥Å  ³, in English, people say work like a horse . We use different animal to express the same meaning. In Chinese, there are some idioms related to eat , for example Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸ Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã¥â€¦Å"ç â‚¬Ã¨ µ °means find oneself in serious trouble,Ã¥ Æ'è ½ ¯Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ Æ'ç ¡ ¬means can be persuaded by reason but not be cowed by force. Some idioms because of their distinctive national features, can not found in English corresponding expression. 2.3. From religions belief Religious belief is an important part in culture. Different religious beliefs had different reflections in different idioms. Chinese people believe in Buddhism and Taoism, therefore there are many Chinese idioms are related to Buddhism. Such as 借èŠ ±Ã§Å' ®Ã¤ ½â€º( borrowing the opportunity ),æ™ ®Ã¥ º ¦Ã¤ ¼â€"生( salvation of all sentient beings ),Ã¥ ¹ ³Ã¦â€" ¶Ã¤ ¸ Ã§Æ' §Ã© ¦â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'æ€ ¥Ã¦  ¥Ã¦Å  ±Ã¤ ½â€ºÃ¨â€žÅ¡( when the devil was sick, the devil a monk would be ),é â€œÃ© «ËœÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¥ ° ºÃ¯ ¼Å'é ­â€Ã© «ËœÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸Ë†( While the priest climb a post, the devil climb ten )etc. While in English-speaking countries, people believe in Christianity. So they have many idioms related to Christianity. Such as as poor as a church mouse (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨ ´ «Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦ ´â€") God help those who help themselves (ä ¸Å Ã¥ ¸ Ã¥ ¸ ®Ã¥Å  ©Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¥Å  ©Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º º), God sends fortune to fools (å‚ »Ã¤ º ºÃ¦Å"‰å‚ »Ã§ ¦ ), Go to hell (ä ¸â€¹Ã¥Å" °Ã§â€¹ ±Ã¥Å½ »), Gods mill goes slowly, but it grind well (Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã§ ½â€˜Ã¦  ¢Ã¦  ¢Ã§â€" Ã¨â‚¬Å'ä ¸ Ã¦ ¼ ), wash ones hands off (æ ´â€"手ä ¸ Ã¥ ¹ ²), the Day of Judgement (æÅ" «Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ® ¡Ã¥Ë† ¤) and so on. 2.4. From historical allusions An important part of historical culture is historical allusion, and England and China have a large number of idioms originated from historical allusion. These idioms are simple but far-reaching, and we often can not be understood from the literal meaning. In Chinese we have Ã¥ ®Ë†Ã¦   ªÃ¥ ¾â€¦Ã¥â€¦â€( wait for windfalls ),ä º ¡Ã§ ¾Å Ã¨ ¡ ¥Ã§â€° ¢( better late than never ),æ‹”è‹â€"åŠ ©Ã©â€¢ ¿( spoil things by excessive enthusiasm )ï ¼Å'èž ³Ã¨Å¾â€šÃ¦ â€¢Ã¨ â€°Ã¯ ¼Å'é »â€žÃ©â€ºâ‚¬Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ Å½( Mantis catch a cicada, siskin is hind.),å››é  ¢Ã¦ ¥Å¡Ã¦ ­Å'( be pounded on all sides )etc. Most English allusive idioms come from the Bible and Greek and Roman mythology. Such as Achilles heel (å” ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨â€¡ ´Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ¼ ±Ã§â€š ¹), Penelopes web (æ ° ¸Ã¨ ¿Å"Ã¥ ®Å'ä ¸ Ã¦Ë† Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ · ¥Ã¤ ½Å"), The Trojan Horse (æÅ" ¨Ã© © ¬Ã¨ ® ¡Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¦Å¡â€"èâ€" Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥  ±Ã©â„¢ ©), Meet ones Waterloo (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨ ´ ¥Ã¦ ¶â€šÃ¥Å" °), swan song (ç » Ã¥â€ ±), arrow of Cupid (ä ¸ËœÃ¦ ¯â€Ã§â€° ¹Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã§ ® ­), A Pandoras box (æ ½ËœÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã§â€ºâ€™Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥  ³Ã§  ¾Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã£â‚¬ Ã© º »Ã§Æ' ¦Ã£â‚¬ Ã§ ¥ ¸Ã¥ ® ³Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦   ¹Ã¦ º ), The apple of discord (ç ¥ ¸Ã¦â€š £Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¤ ºâ€°Ã§ « ¯)and so on. 3. Principle and methods of idiom translation Idioms are usually short in form but profound in sense. Each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. Idioms translation should be faithful. Faithful means the Chinese version must be faithful to the English idiom at least in figurative sense, and English idioms are not exactly equal to the Chinese idioms in figurative sense though they appear to be. For example, pull ones leg is not equal to 拉å Å½Ã¨â€¦ ¿, move heaven and earth is not equal to ç ¿ »Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¨ ¦â€ Ã¥Å" ° and childs play is not equal to å„ ¿Ã¦Ë† . In order to be faithful in translation ,we should convey the original figurative meanings and sacrifice the images. Therefore, pull ones leg can be rendered into Chinese as Ã¥ â€"ç ¬â€˜Ã¦Å¸ Ã¤ º º, move heaven and earth can be rendered into Ã¥ ° ½Ã¥Å â€º and childs play can be rendered into Chinese as 易å ¦â€šÃ¥  Ã¦Å½Å'. All these renditions are faithful to the original figurative meanings. So each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. An English idiom and a Chinese idiom which are same in image maybe different in figurative meaning. If we can transfer both the image and the figurative meaning by literal translation, we should use literal translation. If we can not, we should better keep the figurative meaning and sacrifice the image. Then, we should use free translation. Generally speaking, the common methods of translating idioms are the following types: 1. Literal translation 2. Free translation 3. Literal translation + Free translation 4. Adapted translation 3.1. Literal translation A literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language. If the image and the figurative meaning are not contradictory to each other, then both of them can be retained in the translation, we should make efforts to reduce the loss in translation and use literal translation method as much as possible. For instance, time is money is translated into æâ€" ¶Ã©â€" ´Ã¥ ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã©â€™ ±, which preserves its original image and figurative meaning. There are many idioms of this kind: In English, 1) Forbidden fruit is sweet. ç ¦ Ã¦Å¾Å"分å ¤â€"ç”Å"。 2) In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king. ç› ²Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â€º ½Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¯ ¼Å'ç‹ ¬Ã§Å" ¼Ã§ § °Ã©â€ºâ€žÃ£â‚¬â€š 3) If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. Ã¥ Å'æâ€" ¶Ã¨ ¿ ½Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã¥â€¦â€Ã¯ ¼Å'å… ¨Ã©Æ' ½Ã¦Å â€œÃ¤ ¸ Ã¥Ë† °Ã£â‚¬â€š 4) Half a loaf is better than no bread. æÅ"‰å Å Ã¥ â€"é  ¢Ã¥Å'…æ€ »Ã¦ ¯â€Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰å ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€š 5) The Trojan horse. ç‰ ¹Ã¦ ´â€ºÃ¤ ¼Å Ã¦Å" ¨Ã© © ¬Ã£â‚¬â€š 6) Blood is thicker than water. è ¡â‚¬Ã¦ µâ€œÃ¤ ºÅ½Ã¦ ° ´Ã£â‚¬â€š 7) Misfortunes never come singly. ç ¥ ¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ â€¢Ã¨ ¡Å'。 8) An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. ä » ¥Ã§Å" ¼Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ§Å" ¼Ã¯ ¼Å'ä » ¥Ã§â€°â„¢Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ§â€°â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š In Chinese, 1)明æž ªÃ¦Ëœâ€œÃ¨ º ²Ã¯ ¼Å'æšâ€"ç ® ­Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã©Ëœ ²Ã£â‚¬â€šIt is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding. 2)城éâ€" ¨Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã§  «Ã¯ ¼Å'æ ®Æ'Ã¥ Å Ã¦ ±  Ã© ± ¼Ã£â‚¬â€šA fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat. 3)è · ¯Ã©  ¥Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã© © ¬Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¯ ¼Å'æâ€" ¥Ã¤ ¹â€¦Ã¨ § Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ ¿Æ'。As a long road tests a horses strength, so a long task proves a persons heart. 4)åˆ Ã§â€Å¸Ã§â€°â€ºÃ§Å Å Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦â‚¬â€¢Ã¨â„¢Å½Ã£â‚¬â€šNew-born calves make little of tigers. 5)è ¿Å"æ ° ´Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ § £Ã¨ ¿â€˜Ã¦ ¸ ´Ã£â‚¬â€šDistant water cant quench present. As the language roots of the cultural is different, literal translation is likely to be ambiguous and vague. In this case, we should add annotation. Such as: ä ¸â€°Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¨â€¡ ­Ã§Å¡ ®Ã¥Å'  Ã¯ ¼Å'è µâ€ºÃ¨ ¿â€¡Ã¨ ¯ ¸Ã¨â€˜â€ºÃ¤ º ® We know Chukeh Liang was a famous person in Chinese history, but maybe some western people have nothing about him. We can translate it into Three cobblers withe their wits combined equal Chukeh Liang, the master mind . ç  ­Ã©â€" ¨Ã¥ ¼â€žÃ¦â€" § ( show off ones proficiency with axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter ) And in English, to carry coals to New Castle (è ¿ Ã§â€¦ ¤Ã¥Ë† °Ã§ º ½Ã¥  ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¦Å'‡å ¤Å¡Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ¾Ã¯ ¼Å'ç º ½Ã¥  ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¥â€º ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º §Ã§â€¦ ¤Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ') 3.2. Free translation Free translation means transmitting the figurative meaning in the original English idiom by means of free translation. And it usually loses the original image, like the translation of the English idiom Call a spade a spade , whose image and figurative meaning can not be accepted by the Chinese readers at the same time if they are literally rendered into Chinese as 把é“ ²Ã¥ ­ Ã¥  «Ã©â€œ ²Ã¥ ­ . So the translator can put it into Chinese as ç› ´Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ® ³, which is readily accepted by the Chinese readers. There are many idioms of this kind: In Chinese, 1)打å ¼â‚¬Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã§ ªâ€"è ¯ ´Ã¤ º ®Ã¨ ¯ Ã£â‚¬â€šFrankly speaking. 2)ä ¸Å"æâ€" ½Ã¦â€¢Ë†Ã© ¢ ¦ is a Chinese idiom, for Chinese people, it is easy to understand, and if we translate it into Dong Shi imitates Xi Shi , it will very difficult for western people to understand. Because they maybe dont know Dong Shi and Xi Shi. So we can translate it into crude imitation with ludicrous effect 3)Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸Å"éš…ï ¼Å'æ” ¶Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¦ ¡â€˜Ã¦ ¦â€ Ã£â‚¬â€šWhat one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts. ( If we use method of lateral translation, lose where the sun rises and gain where the sun set, the readers will can not understand it. ) 4)Ã¥ ¡Å¾Ã§ ¿ Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã© © ¬Ã¯ ¼Å'焉çŸ ¥Ã© Å¾Ã§ ¦ Ã¯ ¼Å¸A loss may turn out to be a gain. ( Due to the readers dont know the background of this idiom, we can not translate into When the old man on the frontier lost his mare, who could have guessed it was a blessing it was a blessing in disguise? ) 5)Ã¥ ºâ€ Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦ ­ »Ã¯ ¼Å'é ² Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã¦Å" ªÃ¥ · ²Ã£â‚¬â€šThere will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed. ( If we translate it into Until Qing Fu is done away with, the crisis in the state of Lu will not be over , the readers will not understand a persons name and country name. ) 6)æ ­ ¤Ã¥Å" °Ã¦â€"  Ã©â€œ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã£â‚¬â€šA guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence. ( We can not translate it into No 300 taels of silver buried here. ) In English, 1) a skeleton in the cupboard (Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¤ ¸â€˜) 2) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰å ® ³Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¦Å"‰ã€‚( It can not be translated into ä ¸ Ã§ »â„¢Ã¤ » »Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ ¸ ¦Ã¦  ¥Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ ¤â€žÃ§Å¡â€žÃ© £Å½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§ ¡ ®Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦  ¶Ã© £Å½Ã£â‚¬â€š) 3) Every man has a fool in his sleeve. ä º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰ç ³Å Ã¦ ¶â€šÃ§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€" ¶Ã¥â‚¬â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š( It can not be translated into ä º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ¨ ¢â€"Ã¥ ­ Ã©â€¡Å'éÆ' ½Ã¨ £â€¦Ã§ â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥â€š »Ã§â€œÅ"。) 4) When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war. ä ¸ ¤Ã©â€ºâ€žÃ§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€°Ã¯ ¼Å'å… ¶Ã¦â€"â€"Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã§Æ'ˆã€‚( It can not be translated into Ã¥ ¸Å'è…Šä º ºÃ© â€¡Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥ ¸Å'è…Šä º ºÃ¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã¦Å"‰ä ¸â‚¬Ã¥Å" ºÃ¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€"â€"。) Some idioms from the religious literature, usually we need to use free translation. Such as: å››å ¤ §Ã§Å¡â€ Ã§ © º( All physical existence is vanity),å… ­Ã¦   ¹Ã¦ ¸â€¦Ã¥â€¡â‚¬( free from human desires and passions ),å›  Ã§ ¼Ëœ( principal and subsidiary causes ),ç º ¢Ã¥ °Ëœ( human society ) and so on. 3.3. Literal translation and Free translation This method means to transfer both the figurative meaning and image of source language idiom into target language with the help of free translation. This translation method can help retain the original figurative meaning and image, which can be accepted by the target language readers. In Chinese: ç  «Ã§Æ' §Ã§Å"‰æ ¯â€º the fire is singeing the eyebrows ——— a desperate situation è ´Å¸Ã¨ â€ Ã¨ ¯ ·Ã§ ½ ª proffer a birch and ask for a flogging ——— offer a humble apology ç  ­Ã©â€" ¨Ã¥ ¼â€žÃ¦â€" § show off ones skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter ——— display ones slight skill before an expert In English: A bull in a china shop å… ¬Ã§â€°â€ºÃ©â€" ¯Ã¨ ¿â€ºÃ§â€œ ·Ã¥â„¢ ¨Ã¥ ºâ€"——— 肆æ„ Ã¦  £Ã¤ ¹ ± The cat weeps over the mouse. çÅ' «Ã¥â€œ ­Ã¨â‚¬ Ã© ¼  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¥ â€¡Ã¦â€¦Ë†Ã¦â€š ² There is no rose without a thorn.çŽ «Ã§â€˜ °Ã§Å¡â€ Ã¦Å"‰åˆ ºÃ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¤ ¹ Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦ ¯â€Ã¦Å"‰è‹ ¦ Every flow has its ebb.æ ½ ®Ã¦Å"‰æ ¶ ¨Ã¨  ½Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ Ë†Ã§â€ºâ€ºÃ¨ ¡ °Ã¦â€" ¶ 3.4. Adapted translation Some English idioms are found exact counterparts in Chinese which are dissimilar to them in images. In this case we can use these idiomatic Chinese expressions to replace the English idioms. For examples: In English, 1) He that sows the wind will reap the whirlwind. çŽ ©Ã§  «Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ§â€žÅ¡Ã£â‚¬â€š 2) Like begets like. é ¾â„¢Ã§â€Å¸Ã© ¾â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'å‡ ¤Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥â€¡ ¤Ã£â‚¬â€š 3) Many straws may bind an elephant. çÆ'‚é º »Ã¦ â€œÃ¦Ë† Ã§ » ³Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¹Å¸Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¥ Æ'æâ€" ¤Ã£â‚¬â€š 4) When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game. é ¹ ¬Ã¨Å¡Å'ç› ¸Ã¤ ºâ€°Ã¯ ¼Å'æ ¸â€Ã§ ¿ Ã¥ ¾â€"åˆ ©Ã£â‚¬â€š In Chinese, 1) Ã¥ Å Ã§â€œ ¶Ã©â€ â€¹Ã¯ ¼Å'å‡ ºÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¦â€¢â€¦Ã£â‚¬â€šA little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 2) Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¨ § Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¦â‚¬ ªÃ£â‚¬â€šWonder is the daughter of ignorance. 3) ä ¸â€°Ã¦â‚¬ Ã¨â‚¬Å'Ã¥ Å½Ã¨ ¡Å'。Look before you leap. 4) Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ© ± ¼Ã¥ ¾â€"æ ° ´Ã£â‚¬â€šLike a duck to water. 5) æÅ"‰å… ¶Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¦Å"‰å… ¶Ã¥ ­ Ã£â‚¬â€šLike father like son. 4. Conclusion: Idioms are a very important part of any language. So necessary knowledge of cultural differences is indispensable to the translation of idioms. Each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. When we are translating an idiom, its a basic requirement that we should remain its figurative meaning. For the translator, he must have a good command of English and Chinese language and cultures. References: [1] å† ¯Ã¥ ºâ€ Ã¥ Å½ 《å ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã§ ¨â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€¹ ä ¸Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥ ¤â€"è ¯ ­Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë†Ã§ ¤ ¾ 2002Ã¥ ¹ ´ [2] Ã¥ ®â€¹Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã©â€ ¡ 《ç ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦â€" °Ã¦ ¦â€šÃ¥ ¿ µÃ¨â€¹ ±Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¥ ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã§ ¨â€¹ ç ¬ ¬4版》 å› ½Ã©Ëœ ²Ã¥ · ¥Ã¤ ¸Å¡Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë†Ã§ ¤ ¾ 2006Ã¥ ¹ ´ [3] è ´ ºÃ§Ë† ±Ã¥ Å½ æ  ¨Ã§Å"Ÿæ ´ ª 《ä »Å½Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ§Å¡â€žÃ¨ §â€ Ã¨ §â€™Ã§Å"‹ä ¹  Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã£â‚¬â€¹ é â€™Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã§ §â€˜Ã¥ ­ ¦ 2009Ã¥ ¹ ´ [4] Ã¥  ¢Ã¦ ¦â€ Ã¦ ¢â€¦ 《è ® ºÃ¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ¥ ¯ ¹Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹  Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¥â€œ Ã£â‚¬â€¹ Ã¥ ¹ ¿Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã©â„¢ ¢Ã¦Å  ¥ 2009Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã§ ¬ ¬5æÅ"Ÿ

The Female Entrepreneurial Role in James M Cains Mildred Pierce :: Mildred Pierce Essays

The Female Entrepreneurial Role in James M Cain's Mildred Pierce A woman's place in the post-depression era is usually one where a woman would commonly be known to have a role in the economy; only to be waiting in her kitchen to cook for the "money-making husband." It was often rare to encounter one woman who had the ability to take her inner interests and turn them into an entrepreneurial role in society. Yet, through this novel by James M. Cain, one will encounter Mildred Pierce, in which Mildred uses her inner talent, and cooking. To redeem the long lost woman's role in the economy and the workforce. This inner interest of cooking was not kept inside the household as it has with millions of other woman in the United States; it was instead expanded into a successful capitalistic venture for Mildred. Gorgeous legs, great cook, and friendly disposition. Mildred used these attributes to survive a divorce and poverty and to claw her way out of the lower middle class. Yet Mildred also had a weakness, one being that she has failed to Veda’s standards. Mildred Pierce tries her best in order to please her daughter. She charts the rise and fall of a woman who makes and markets pies. When her husband loses his livelihood as a result of the Wall Street crash, Mildred takes work "as a waitress"(Mildred Pierce) in a diner. "Recognizing that she can produce better pies than the business currently has to offer, she rapidly becomes its supplier."(1,dirks) Then she opens a restaurant of her own, which leads to openings of several others. Mildred, a mother of two daughters, was left alone because of her husband, Bert. Mildred, capable of cooking meals as to a fancy restaurant she decides to utilize these techniques in opening her Own restaurant. Wally, a friend of Mildred's husband helps in organizing a place to build the new restaurant." For the first time in her life, Mildred felt the quick excitement of a conspiratorial deal. She comprehended the credit aspect of it, once Wally explained it, and she didn't need to be told how perfect the place was for her purposes."(93,Cain) Mildred able to use the abandon Pierce Model home she renovates, and turns it into a restaurant. She decided on a name, "Mildred Pierce" in which she only serves chicken and waffles and pies on the side.